A01

• What issue arises with respect to culture in psychology?

  Cultural bias in understanding human behavior
• What did Joseph Henrich et al. (2010) find about research participants?

  68% were from the United States
• What percentage of research participants came from industrialised nations according to Henrich et al.?

  96%
• What did Arnett (2008) find about psychology research participants?

  80% were undergraduates studying psychology
• What does the term WEIRD stand for?

  Westernised, Educated, Industrialised, Rich Democracies
• How are behaviors of non-WEIRD people often perceived?

  As 'abnormal', 'inferior', or 'unusual'
• What does ethnocentrism refer to?

  Belief in the superiority of one's own culture
• Who criticized the Strange Situation for reflecting Western norms?

  Mary Ainsworth and Silvia Bell
• What did Ainsworth and Bell suggest about 'ideal' attachment?

  It involves moderate distress when separated
• How did the Strange Situation misinterpret Japanese child-rearing practices?

  Classified Japanese infants as insecurely attached
• What did Takahashi (1986) find about Japanese infants?

  They showed considerable distress on separation
• What is the difference between etic and emic approaches?

  Etic looks outside, emic looks inside cultures
• What does Berry argue about psychology's approach?

  It often uses an imposed etic approach
• What should psychologists recognize to avoid cultural bias?

  The cultural relativism of their research
• What are the implications of cultural bias in psychology?

  • Misinterpretation of behaviors in non-WEIRD cultures
  • Overgeneralization of findings from WEIRD populations
  • Potentially harmful stereotypes and assumptions
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of etic and emic approaches in psychology?

  Strengths:

  • Etic: Identifies universal behaviors
  • Emic: Captures cultural specificity

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Etic: May overlook cultural nuances
  • Emic: Limited generalizability beyond the culture studied