federalism

• • Articles I-IV outline the powers of the federal and state governments.
  • 10th Amendment gives all powers not given to the federal government to the states.
• Is Federalism Effective?

  Yes:

  • States have their own government with three branches (governor, state legislature, and supreme court).
  • States can ratify amendments to the Constitution and have the power to change the foundational laws.
  • States have different rights, protections, and taxes (e.g., Oregon has no sales tax).
• No:

  • The division of powers between federal and state governments is vague, and the federal government’s power has expanded over time.
  • Most states do not have year-round legislatures, unlike Congress.
  • Congress can impose mandates on state governments.
• theory that political power is divided between national government and state government
• Promotes Political Participation

  Federalism offers citizens more opportunities to engage in both state and national politics.

  Evidence: State and local elections often have higher voter turnout. For example, California's 2020 state elections saw 78% voter participation, compared to 66% in the 2020 presidential election, reflecting the personal impact of state policies on voters.

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• Accommodates Regional Preferences

  Federalism allows different regions to adopt policies that align with their cultural, social, and economic values.

  • Evidence: Same-sex marriage was legalized first in Massachusetts (2004) and later in other states, long before the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges legalized it nationwide, showing how states can lead on social issues in line with local values.
• promotes gov accountability

  With multiple levels of government, federalism increases transparency and accountability by allowing citizens to hold local and national governments responsible for their actions.

  • Evidence: In New York City, residents have more direct control over local policies, such as policing and housing, through the mayoral and city council elections, allowing for faster responses to citizen needs compared to federal-level responses.