Feature of solidification

• What do solids have that liquids and gases do not?

  Definite shape and volume
• What is diamond known as?

  The hardest natural substance
• How do some solids differ from diamonds?

  Some are soft and easily manipulated
• What does the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Solids explain?

  The phases of matter and their changes
• What is temperature in the context of kinetic molecular theory?

  Average kinetic energy of particles
• Why are solids noncompressible?

  Due to lack of spaces between particles
• What are the two main categories of solids?

  Crystalline and amorphous solids
• What characterizes crystalline solids?

  Atoms arranged in a definite repeating pattern
• How do crystalline solids differ from amorphous solids?

  Crystalline solids have orderly arrangements
• What is a unit cell in crystalline solids?

  A small repeating pattern in solids
• What defines amorphous solids?

  Lack of order found in crystalline solids
• How do the particles in amorphous solids behave?

  They have little freedom to move
• How do crystalline and amorphous solids differ in structure?

  Crystalline solids have organized particles
• What is the melting point of a solid?

  The temperature it loses its shape
• What is the freezing point of a liquid?

  The temperature it changes to solid
• What happens at the melting/freezing point?

  Solid and liquid forms are in equilibrium
• How do crystalline solids behave at their melting point?

  They have a precise melting point
• What is the heat of fusion?

  Heat necessary to melt a solid
• How does the heat of fusion differ between crystalline and amorphous solids?

  Crystalline has fixed, definite values
• What is sublimation?

  Direct passage from solid to vapor phase
• What is deposition?

  Reverse process of sublimation
• What is anisotropy in solids?

  Properties vary with different orientations
• What is the enthalpy of sublimation?

  Heat to convert solid to vapor
• What is malleability?

  Ability to undergo compressive stress
• What is ductility?

  Ability to undergo tensile stress
• What does electrical conductivity measure?

  Ability to transfer electrons
• How does thermal conductivity differ in solids?

  Depends on the type of bonding present
• How does anisotropy affect crystalline solids?

  Properties vary based on force direction
• What is the relationship between malleability and ductility?

  They often coexist in materials
• Which metal is known for high malleability?

  Gold
• What is the difference between isotropy and anisotropy?

  Isotropy has equal properties in all directions
• How do amorphous solids behave compared to crystalline solids?

  Amorphous solids lack repeating patterns
• What happens to ice under sublimation pressure?

  It may disappear without rising temperature
• What is the significance of strong intermolecular forces in solids?

  They keep particles in fixed positions
• How do crystalline solids maintain their structure?

  By uniform, strong intermolecular forces
• What is the role of temperature in the kinetic molecular theory?

  It affects the speed of particle movement
• How do solids exhibit characteristic properties?

  Based on their composition
• What is the relationship between melting point and intermolecular forces?

  Stronger interactions lead to higher melting points
• What is the melting point of Cristobalite?

  1713 °C
• How does soda-lime glass behave when melting?

  Melts between 550 °C and 1450 °C