Infection & Response

• What are microorganisms?

  A group of tiny organisms
• Name four types of microorganisms.

  Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that can cause disease
• How can pathogens spread?

  From person to person
• What are diseases caused by pathogens called?

  Communicable or infectious diseases
• Which organisms can pathogens affect?

  Both animals and plants
• How do airborne pathogens spread?

  Through tiny droplets from coughing or sneezing
• What is a common method to prevent disease spread?

  Practicing good hygiene
• What are vectors in the context of pathogens?

  Organisms that transport pathogens
• What is the best way to prevent pathogen spread?

  Vaccinate everyone
• What happens if someone catches a disease?

  They may be isolated or quarantined
• When do we typically quarantine individuals?

  For serious diseases that harm others
• What are the three ways pathogens can spread?

  • Through the air
  • Through contaminated food or water
  • Through direct contact
• What are the four methods to reduce pathogen spread?

  • Practice hygiene
  • Kill vectors
  • Vaccinate people
  • Quarantine individuals
• What are viruses considered to be?

  Organisms
• How do viruses reproduce?

  By using another organism's cell machinery
• What happens when a virus bursts a host cell?

  New viruses find new cells to infect
• Why do viruses make us feel ill?

  They damage our bodies during replication
• How is the measles virus spread?

  By droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes
• What are common symptoms of measles?

  Red rash and fever
• Why is measles rare in the UK?

  Most people are vaccinated against it
• How is HIV primarily spread?

  Through sexual contact and exchanging bodily fluids
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human immunodeficiency virus
• What happens when someone first catches HIV?

  They may experience flu-like symptoms
• What is AIDS?

  A disease caused by a weakened immune system
• What is the role of antiretroviral drugs in HIV treatment?

  They prevent the virus from replicating
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Certain plant species like tobacco
• Why is it called the tobacco mosaic virus?

  It causes mosaic patterns on leaves
• What is the impact of tobacco mosaic virus on plants?

  It hinders photosynthesis and growth
• What is the main consequence of discolored patches on leaves?

  Insufficient sugar production for growth
• What are the key characteristics of viruses?

  • Not cells and not living
  • About 10,000 times smaller than animal cells
  • Cannot reproduce independently
  • Require a host cell to replicate
• What is a common misconception about bacteria?

  Most bacteria cause disease in humans
• What role do most bacteria play in the human body?

  They help us digest food
• What is the focus of the video mentioned?

  Bad bacteria that infect humans
• What type of organisms are bacteria?

  Single-celled organisms
• How do bacteria replicate in the human body?

  They replicate rapidly due to food supply
• What can bacteria produce that makes us feel ill?

  Toxins that damage cells and tissues
• What disease does salmonella bacteria cause?

  Food poisoning
• How can salmonella be contracted?

  By eating contaminated food
• What symptoms are associated with salmonella infection?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea