Cardiovascular disease

• what does this disease relate to

  heart + blood vessels
• describe the effect of CVD

  • fat builds up in arteries
  • less blood flows to heart
  • less O2
  • less aerobic respiration
  • less energy so heart cant beat
• what is cholesterol

  fatty substance used to make cell membranes
• what happens if there's too much cholesterol

  • fatty deposits build up in arteries
  • plaque forms
  • blocks arteries + restricts blood flow
• what can the fatty deposits also lead to

  • blood to clot
  • which blocks blood flow completely
  • causes heart muscle to become starved of O2
  • heart attack
  • if it happens in the brain -> stroke
• describe the disease artery stages

  • normal artery
  • beginning of plaque formation
  • plaque accumulation
  • artery blocked by blood clot
  • lime gets smaller
  • increases blood pressure
  • may burst
• what 2 factors increase risk of CVD

  • smoking
  • obesity
• what happens when someones obese

  • high fat/ carb diet
  • or doesn't exercise enough so taking in MORE energy than using
  • excess energy stored as fat -> higher BMI
• name some lifestyle changes which can be made to reduce the risk

  • eat a health diet low in saturated fats
  • exercise regularly
  • stop smoking
• why are lifestyle factors the first form of treatment for CVD

  they have no negative impacts
• what is BMI

  • determines whether a person is overweight or underweight
  • but not always reliable
• why is BMI not always reliable

  • doesn't take into account muscle mass + bone density
• how do you calculate BMI

  • mass (kg)/ height^2 (m)
• what does lifelong medication mean

  patients will never be able to stop taking them
• what are the 3 medications people can take to treat CVD

  • statins
  • anticoagulants
  • antihypertensive
• what does stains do

  • reduce cholesterol levels in blood
  • reduce amount of fatty deposits building up in arteries -> reduces risk of heart attacks and strokes
• what does anticoagulants do

  • blood thinners
  • less likely for blood to clot
• what does antihypertensive do

  • reduce blood pressure
  • less strain on arteries
  • prevents damage
• what are the side effects of statins

  • aching muscles
  • liver damage
• what are the side effects of anticoagulants

  excessive bleeding when injured
• what are the side effects of antihypertensive

  • headaches
  • fainting
• if lifestyle factors or medication doesn't work what else can you do

  surgical procedures
• what are 3 surgical procedures you can do

  • stents
  • bypass
  • heart transplant
• what are stents

  • tubes inserted into arteries to keep them open
  • ensures blood flows through artery + into heart muscle
  • reduces risk of heart attack
• what is bypass

  • if blood vessel blocked -> healthy vessel used in place
• what does a heart transplant do

  • healthy donor heart transplanted into patient
• what are the side effects of stents

  • artery can narrow again over time due to scar tissue from stents
  • patient has to take anticoagulants to stop blood clots from forming
  • risk of infection
• what are the side effects of bypass

  • blood clots may form after surgery
  • risk of infection
• what are the side effects of a heart transplant

  • body may reject so -> drugs must be taken to stop it
  • drugs make you more susceptible to disease
  • risk of infection