Recognize examples: sugars, starches, cellulose

• What are the four types of macromolecules shown in the image?

  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Amylopectin
  • Glycogen
• What are the structural differences between starch, cellulose, and glycogen?

  • Starch:
  • Unbranched (amylose)
  • Branched (amylopectin)
  • Cellulose:
  • Linear, unbranched
  • Glycogen:
  • Highly branched
• What are the bond types for each macromolecule?

  • Cellulose: 1-4 bonds
  • Starch: 1-4 bonds
  • Amylopectin: 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
  • Glycogen: 1-4 and 1-6 bonds
• How does the role of the ribosome differ from the role of the tRNA in protein synthesis?

  The ribosome is where the protein is synthesized, while the tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome
• What is the subunit of starch?

  α-glucose
• What is the structure of amylose in starch?

  Amylose forms spiral chains
• Does cellulose have branches?

  No
• What is the first step in the process of protein synthesis?

  Transcription
• What is the subunit of cellulose?

  β-glucose
• What is the purpose of the anticodon on the tRNA molecule?

  • The anticodon on the tRNA binds to the complementary codon on the mRNA
  • This allows the tRNA to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain
• How do starch, cellulose, and glycogen differ in their subunits?

  Starch and glycogen use α-glucose, cellulose uses β-glucose
• What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

  The ribosome is where the growing amino acid chain (protein) is formed
• What are the key steps in the process of protein synthesis?

  1. Transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus
  2. Transport of mRNA to cytoplasm through nuclear pore
  3. Translation: mRNA is read by ribosome to synthesize protein
  4. Newly formed protein is released from ribosome
• What is the source and subunit for each of the four macromolecules?

  • Cellulose: Source - Plant, Subunit - β-glucose
  • Starch: Source - Plant, Subunit - α-glucose
  • Amylopectin: Source - Plant, Subunit - α-glucose
  • Glycogen: Source - Animal, Subunit - α-glucose
• What is the name of the structure that transports the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

  Nuclear pore
• Does starch have branches?

  No
• Why does the mRNA need to be transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

  To allow translation of the mRNA into a protein in the cytoplasm
• How do amino acids link together to form proteins?

  They link via peptide bonds
• What is the bond type of cellulose?

  1-4
• If a mutation occurred that changed the anticodon on a tRNA molecule, how would that affect protein synthesis?

  It would cause the wrong amino acid to be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain
• What is the function of the nitrogenous base in a nucleotide?

  The nitrogenous base is responsible for the genetic information stored in DNA and RNA. It forms the rungs of the DNA/RNA ladder through base pairing.
• What is the branching pattern for each macromolecule?

  • Cellulose: No branches
  • Starch: No branches
  • Amylopectin: Yes (per 20 subunits)
  • Glycogen: Yes (per 10 subunits)
• What are the three molecules formed from glucose?

  Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
• What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  It carries genetic information from DNA
• What is the bonding difference between starch and cellulose?

  Starch uses α-glucose, cellulose uses β-glucose
• What is the source of cellulose?

  Plant
• What is the bond type of starch?

  1-4
• What is the name of the process shown in the image?

  Triglyceride formation
• What do tRNA molecules do in protein synthesis?

  They bring specific amino acids
• How are the fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol molecule?

  • Through ester bonds between the carboxyl group of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of the glycerol
• Describe the process of protein formation from amino acids.

  1. Transcription: DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
  2. Translation:

  • mRNA travels to ribosomes
  • tRNA brings amino acids based on mRNA codons
  • Amino acids link via peptide bonds to form proteins
• How does the branching of amylopectin compare to glycogen?

  Amylopectin branches every 20 units, glycogen every 10
• What is the visual representation of tRNA and amino acids in protein synthesis?

  tRNA carries amino acids to ribosomes
• What are the key differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?

  • Triglycerides have 3 fatty acid chains, phospholipids have 2 fatty acid chains
  • Triglycerides are used for energy storage, phospholipids are structural components of cell membranes
  • Triglycerides are non-polar, phospholipids have a polar head group
• What is the main feature of cellulose's structure?

  It is linear and unbranched
• What type of reaction is described as a dehydration reaction?

  Loss of water during bond formation
• What happens during translation?

  mRNA is translated into a protein at ribosomes
• How do fatty acids attach to glycerol?

  Through ester bonds at the OH groups
• What type of sugar is present in a nucleotide?

  Pentose
• What happens to iodine solution if no starch is present?

  It remains brown/yellow