B6

• What is the process of cell division that produces gametes called?

  Meiosis
• What are the female gametes called?

  Eggs
• What are the male gametes called?

  Sperms
• What are alleles?

  Different versions of a gene
• What is a recessive allele?

  Requires 1 copy to be seen
• What is a dominant allele?

  Requires 1 copy to be seen
• What does homozygous mean?

  Same alleles for a characteristic
• What does heterozygous mean?

  Different alleles for a characteristic
• What is a genotype?

  Combination of alleles for a characteristic
• What is a phenotype?

  Observed characteristic of an organism
• How many pairs of chromosomes determine biological sex in humans?

  One pair
• What chromosomes do females have?

  Two X chromosomes
• What chromosomes do males have?

  One X and one Y chromosome
• How do males determine the sex of the offspring?

  By producing Y gametes
• What does the Y chromosome trigger?

  Development of testes
• What is a carrier in genetics?

  Has one recessive allele for a disorder
• What is polydactyly?

  Condition of having extra fingers or toes
• What causes cystic fibrosis?

  Caused by a recessive allele
• What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

  Thick mucus, breathing issues, chest infections
• What is the life expectancy of cystic fibrosis sufferers?

  Approximately 55 years
• What is genetic counseling?

  • Assess probability of genetic disease
  • Helps identify carriers
  • May require additional tests
  • Addresses future health concerns
  • Discusses embryo selection issues
  • Considers discrimination by employers
• What are base pairings in DNA?

  A pairs with T, C pairs with G
• What is a mutation?

  A random change to DNA
• How can mutation rates be increased?

  By mutagenic agents
• How do mutations affect characteristics?

  Change in DNA sequence alters proteins
• What is a deletion mutation?

  Loss of a base in the sequence
• What is an insertion mutation?

  Addition of a base in the sequence
• What are the effects of mutations on characteristics?

  • No effect: No new protein produced
  • Neutral: New protein has no effect
  • Harmful: Decreases reproductive chances
  • Beneficial: Increases reproductive chances
• What is the role of codons in RNA?

  Three bases code for one amino acid
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double stranded with A, T, C, G
• What is the structure of RNA?

  Single stranded with A, U, C, G
• What is the significance of the genetic code?

  It orders amino acids in proteins
• Who proposed the theory of inheritance?

  Gregor Mendel
• What was the sample size in Mendel's experiments?

  50,000 pea plants
• When was DNA discovered?

  Mid-20th century
• What is the significance of DNA in genetics?

  It carries genetic information
• What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

  It helps translate genetic code into proteins
• What is the function of mRNA?

  It carries the genetic code from DNA
• What is the role of tRNA?

  It brings amino acids to the ribosome
• What is the process of transcription?

  Copying DNA into mRNA