MATM FINALS

• Coding - the process of encoding and decoding information
• . Encoding – to convert source information into another form or code thru a channel
• Decoding – to convert from an encrypted form to plain text
• Source Coding – converting the messages from sender into bits suitable to the communication channel
• Noises – any disturbances that alter the message which cause disruption and error in the message
• Coding Theory - to detect, or even correct errors in communication
• Channel Coding - dding some form of redundancy to the source encoded message so that errors can be detected or corrected
• Parity Check - a single bit is added to the message as redundancy bit to detect further errors
• Repetition code - The encoding process is performed by taking the k bits, then repeat it (2r + 1) times
• where r ≥ 1 is a fixed number.
• Repetition Code - The decoding process will be done in this manner
• m is greater than zero
• Congruence if the difference of a and b is divisible by m
• UPC - mainly used in products sold in department stores and groceries.
• UPC consists of barcodes with 12 digits where the last one digit is the check digit.
• ISBN - It is used on books where usually found at the last page of the book
• ISBN - where the 10 digits or 13-digits string of numbers respectively with the last digit is the check digit.
• USPS - Consists of 11 digits, the last digit is the check digit.
• Credit Card - Consist of 16 digits, the last digit is the check digit
• Apportionment- A method of dividing a whole into various parts
• Equal proportion – selecting fairly the number of representatives of each state based on state population
• The Hamilton Plan (Alexander Hamilton)
• The Jefferson Plan (Thomas Jefferson)
• Huntington-Hill – has been used since 1940 in apportioning the House of Representative
• Apportionment Principle – Relative Unfairness of apportionment
• Apportionment Principle – Relative Unfairness of apportionment
• Hamilton Plan - In case the value of Q is decimal, just drop the decimal component of the value.
• Standard Divisor – the number of voters represented by each representative
• Standard Quota – the whole number part of the quotient when the population of the sub-group is divided by the standard divisor
• The Jefferson Plan - Uses a Modified standard divisor
• Modified standard divisor -yields the correct number of representatives by trial and error.
• The modified standard divisor is always smaller than the standard divisor.
• Apportionment Principle - this principle is applied when making a decision regarding to which subgroup shall receive an addition representative.
• Huntington-Hill - the current method of apportionment being applied by House
• Huntington-Hill - method that makes use of Equal Proportions.
• Voting - it is a democratic right of electing, selecting or choosing somebody to represent a certain population.
• Majority Votes - more than 50% of total votes
• Preference Ballot - a form to be filled out by a voter. The voter will then rank his/her preference or choice.
• Preference Table - result or summary of votes
• Plurality Method - The candidate with the most first place votes is the winner