NEUROLINGUISTICS

• What is the study of how the mind and brain process language called?

  Psycholinguistics & Neurolinguistics
• What is the purpose of tests in psycholinguistics?

  To understand how language is processed
• What is the thickness of the cerebral cortex?

  1/4 inch
• What are the bumps on the cerebral cortex called?

  Gyri
• What are the indentations on the cerebral cortex called?

  Sulci
• What are the four lobes of the brain?

  • Frontal Lobe: Motor functions
  • Parietal Lobe: Spatial and sensory information
  • Temporal Lobe: Auditory processing
  • Occipital Lobe: Visual processing
• What is the primary function of the auditory cortex?

  Receives and processes sound
• What does the visual cortex process?

  Visual information
• What is the role of the motor cortex?

  Controls movement, including speech articulation
• What does the dichotic listening task demonstrate?

  Right ear words processed faster
• Which hemisphere is dominant for language processing?

  Left hemisphere
• What happens to sounds heard in the left ear?

  Processed slower, transferred to right hemisphere
• Where is Broca's area located?

  Frontal lobe, near motor cortex
• What is the function of Broca's area?

  Organizes articulation and controls grammar
• What is Broca's aphasia?

  Expressive difficulties, slow speech
• What is Wernicke's area responsible for?

  Comprehension and word retrieval
• What is Wernicke's aphasia characterized by?

  Fluent but meaningless speech
• What does damage to the arcuate fasciculus cause?

  Conduction aphasia
• What is the function of the angular gyrus?

  Connects visual and auditory information
• What happens if the angular gyrus is damaged?

  Causes alexia and agraphia
• What are the steps involved in speaking a word?

  1. Wernicke’s Area retrieves the word.
  2. Arcuate Fasciculus transfers it to Broca’s Area.
  3. Broca’s Area organizes articulation.
  4. Motor Cortex activates speech muscles.
• What are the steps involved in hearing a word?

  1. Auditory Cortex processes the sound.
  2. Wernicke’s Area matches it with known words.
  3. Angular Gyrus may associate it with written form.
• What are the steps involved in reading a word?

  1. Visual Cortex processes the letters.
  2. Angular Gyrus converts visuals to sounds.
  3. Wernicke’s Area retrieves meaning.
• What is a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?

  Difficulty producing speech
• What is a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

  Fluent speech but lacks meaning
• What is a key sign of conduction aphasia?

  Difficulty repeating words
• What does alexia refer to?

  Inability to read words
• What does agraphia refer to?

  Inability to write words
• What are the challenges to the classical model of language processing?

  • Language processing is distributed across brain areas.
  • Neuroplasticity allows recovery of language functions.
  • Individual differences in language processing exist.
• What does neuroplasticity refer to in language processing?

  Other areas may take over language functions
• How do individual differences affect language processing?

  Some process language in both hemispheres
• What is the summary of language processing?

  • Language processing is complex.
  • Involves multiple brain areas.
  • Left hemisphere is dominant, but right plays a role.
  • Traditional models are oversimplified.
• • Part of the brain that involves cognition, processing information, and executing voluntary movements.

  Grey matter
• Part of the brain that plays a role in learning, memory, and coordinating communication between brain areas.

  White matter
• This part of the brain contains most of the nerve cell bodies

  Grey matter
• This part of the brain consists of deep brain structures responsible for transmitting signals between different regions of the brain.

  White matter
• Plays a role in language processing by AIDING in speech motor control and fluency

  Cerebellum
• Part of the brain that connects both hemispheres. It allows the hemispheres to work together in processing language.

  Corpus Callosum
• Part of the brain that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.

  Sylvian Fissure
• Part of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions such as attention, language comprehension, and memory storage.

  Sylvian Fissure