AO1

• What is the main focus of cultural variations in attachment research?

  Differences in attachment types across cultures
• What is an 'imposed etic' in attachment research?

  Assuming findings apply universally across cultures
• What does 'etic' refer to in cultural psychology?

  A culturally specific worldview
• How does culture influence attachment types?

  Culture shapes norms and values affecting attachment
• What are the characteristics of individualist cultures?

  • Value individual rights and interests
  • Emphasize independence and self-assertiveness
  • Typically have small family structures
  • Examples: America, Britain, Germany
• What are the characteristics of collectivist cultures?

  • Value group needs over individual needs
  • Emphasize interdependence and community
  • Typically have larger family structures
  • Examples: China, India, Israel
• What was the focus of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's 1988 study?

  Proportions of attachment types across countries
• How many studies did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg analyze?

  32 studies
• How many children were included in the meta-analysis by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg?

  1990 children
• What was the most common attachment type found across countries?

  Secure attachment
• What was the percentage of secure attachment in Britain according to the study?

  75%
• What was the percentage of secure attachment in China according to the study?

  50%
• What was the least common attachment type found in the study?

  Insecure-resistant attachment
• What was the range of insecure-resistant attachment in Britain?

  3% to around 30%
• Which country had the highest rates of insecure-avoidant attachments?

  Germany
• What was the finding regarding variations within countries compared to between countries?

  Variations within countries were 150% greater
• What percentage of securely attached infants was found in one USA study?

  46%
• How do Japanese infants typically respond in the strange situation?

  Higher distress due to separation from mothers
• What cultural aspect affects Japanese infants' attachment behavior?

  Value of independence and exploration
• Why do Israeli children show high rates of resistant behavior?

  Rarely meet strangers, leading to fear
• What cultural emphasis contributes to avoidant attachments in Germany?

  Strong emphasis on independence
• What did Simonella et al. (2014) study in Italy focus on?

  Proportions of attachment types in infants
• What were the findings of Simonella et al. regarding secure attachment?

  50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant
• What reason did Simonella et al. suggest for lower secure attachment rates?

  More mothers working long hours
• What did Jin et al. (2012) study in Korea find regarding attachment types?

  Similar proportions to most countries
• How many children were assessed in Jin et al.'s study?

  87 children
• What was unique about the insecure-avoidant attachment in Jin et al.'s study?

  Only one child was insecure-avoidant
• What are the conclusions drawn from cultural variations in attachment research?

  • Attachment is universal and innate
  • Cultural practices influence attachment types