brain anatomy lab

• •Frontal Lobe: Voluntary Movement, Executive Functions, Working Memory, Personality, Social Behaviour
• •Parietal Lobe: Somatosensory Input, Proprioception
• •Temporal Lobe: Auditory Input, Language Comprehension
• •Occipital Lobe: Visual Input & Recognition
• What structures compose the “motor cortex”?

  Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Area, Supplementary Motor Area
• Where on the primary motor cortex would motor instructions for the left foot be sent from? How is this different for the right hand?

  Left Foot: Right Medial Primary Motor Cortex

  Right Hand: Left Lateral Primary Motor Cortex

  
• What kind of symptoms would manifest in patients with a lesion in Broca’s Area?

  Patients cannot physically form words, effortful speech
• Which sulcus separates the frontal & parietal lobes? Identify it.

  Central Sulcus
• Which sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes? Identify it.

  Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
• Where on the primary somatosensory cortex would you find instructions for the right half of the trunk? How would this be different for the left half of the face?

  Right Half of Trunk: Left Superior Primary Somatosensory Cortex

  Left Half of Face: Right Lateral Primary Somatosensory Cortex

  
• Which sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes? Identify it.

  Lateral Sulcus
• What kind of symptoms would manifest in patients with a lesion in Wernicke’s Area?

  Patients string together lots of words, but the words do not make sense
• Which sulcus do you have to pull apart to see the insular lobe?

  Lateral Sulcus

  
• What is the function of the insular cortex?

  Taste Processing, Risk-Reward Behaviour, Autonomics, Pain Pathways, Vestibular Functions, Neuropsychiatric Disorders (OCD, PTSD, Addiction, Schizophrenia)
• Limbic System

  Are the structures you have selected considered cortical or subcortical?

  Subcortical Structures – These structures are deep to the cortex

  
• What are the functions of the limbic system?

  Emotion, Survival Behaviours (Eating, Reproduction, Fight/Flight), Memory,

  Spatial Navigation
• What is the function of the hippocampus? Amygdala?

  Hippocampus: Long Term Memory Formation

  Amygdala: Process Fear and Anger, Responds to Emotional Events
• How does information move through the limbic system beginning with the hippocampus?

  Hippocampus to Fornix to Mammillary Bodies to Mammillothalamic Tract to Thalamus
• What structures of the limbic system are missing from the model you have created?

  Cortical Structures: Cingulate Gyrus, Parahippocampal Gyrus

  Bonus: Olfactory Bulbs

  
• Basal Nuclei

  Caudate & Putamen,Globus Pallidus,Thalamus

  Substantia Nigra is located in the midbrain.

  Subthalamic Nucleus is located just below the thalamus.

  
• What is the function of the thalamus?

  Integration Station of Brain, Sensory & Motor Relay Station
• What is the function of the hypothalamus?

  Autonomic Nervous System Control, Body Temperature Regulation, Sexual Arousal, Feeding/Satiety/Thirst Centres, Memory, Circadian Rhythm, Pituitary Gland Control
• Where is the pituitary gland located?

  Sella Turcica of Sphenoid Bone
• Which part of the pituitary gland produces its own hormones?

  Anterior Pituitary
• When is the pineal gland most active? Why?

  The pineal gland is most active at night because it produces melatonin
• Circle of Willis

  Anterior Cerebral Arteries to Superior & Medial Hemispheres

  Middle Cerebral Arteries to Lateral Hemispheres

  
• Circle of Willis

  Posterior Cerebral Arteries to Posterior Hemispheres

  Superior Cerebellar Arteries to Superior Cerebellum

  Pontine Arteries to Pons

  
• Circle of Willis

  AICA to Anterior/Inferior Cerebellum

  PICA to Posterior/Inferior Cerebellum

  Anterior & Posterior Spinal Arteries to Spinal Cord

  
• A patient complains of weakness and difficulty moving their left leg. Based on your knowledge of cerebral vascular territories, which artery is most likely occluded?

  Right Anterior Cerebral Artery

  
• Which artery could be occluded if this patient had weakness and difficulty moving their right hand?

  Left Middle Cerebral Artery

  
• •Posterior Cerebral Artery to Occipital Lobe, Hippocampus, Thalamus, Midbrain (Superior/Inferior Colliculi)
• A patient is speaking in long, fluent sentences that do not make sense. Which cerebral artery is most likely occluded?

  Middle Cerebral Arteries

  
• If a patient has a posterior cerebral artery occlusion, what major functional deficits would you expect?

  Visual Deficits, Anterograde Amnesia, Sensory/Motor Deficits, Visual Reflex Deficits, Auditory Deficits