Frustration-aggression hypothesis

• What do social psychological explanations of aggression argue?

  Aggression results from individual and situational interactions
• What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

  • Proposed by Dollard et al.
  • Claims all aggression results from frustration
  • Frustration occurs when goals are blocked
  • Leads to aggressive drives and behaviors
• What is frustration according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

  Frustration is when people can't achieve their desires
• How does frustration lead to aggressive behavior?

  It creates an aggressive drive for expression
• What is catharsis in the context of aggression?

  It is the release of frustration through aggression
• Why might aggression not be directed at the source of frustration?

  Due to abstract causes, power dynamics, or unavailability
• What role do environmental cues play in aggression?

  • Frustration creates readiness for aggression
  • Aggressive cues increase likelihood of aggressive behavior
  • Berkowitz's study showed cues influence aggression levels
• What was the average number of shocks given when guns were present in Berkowitz's study?

  6.07 shocks
• What was the average number of shocks given when no guns were present in Berkowitz's study?

  4.67 shocks
• What does Berkowitz's quote "the finger pulls the trigger but the trigger may also be pulling the finger" imply?

  Environmental cues can provoke aggressive actions
• What did Marcus-Newhall et al.'s meta-analysis find about displaced aggression?

  • Displaced aggression is a reliable phenomenon
  • Provoked individuals often aggress against innocent parties
  • Supports the frustration-aggression hypothesis
• What did Priks (2010) study in relation to the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

  Violent behavior among Swedish football fans
• How did Priks measure frustration and aggression in his study?

  Using teams' league positions and objects thrown
• What did Bushman's (2002) findings suggest about catharsis?

  Venting anger can increase aggression instead
• What are some aversive events that can lead to aggression besides frustration?

  Pain, extreme temperatures, and noxious stimuli
• What did Reifman et al. (1991) find about temperature and aggression in baseball?

  Higher temperatures increased aggressive behavior
• What is the revised frustration-aggression hypothesis?

  • Includes any unpleasant experience causing negative feelings
  • Suggests aversive stimuli lead to increased aggression
  • Expands beyond frustration as a sole cause
• How has the frustration-aggression hypothesis been applied to real-life issues?

  • Discussed in gun control debates
  • Open carry laws may increase aggression
  • Psychologists advocate for concealed weapons to reduce aggression