bacterial cell component

• What type of microorganisms are bacteria?

  Single cell prokaryotic microorganisms
• What are fungi and parasites classified as?

  Single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic organisms
• Why are viruses not considered cellular organisms?

  They depend on host cells for survival
• What are prions?

  Abnormal infectious proteins
• What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have membrane-enclosed organelles
• What are the main organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi body
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoskeleton
• Where do all functions take place in prokaryotic cells?

  In the cytoplasm or cytoplasmic membrane
• What is the composition of the cell wall in bacteria?

  Composed of peptidoglycan
• What are the typical sizes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic:

  • 0.4 to 2 µm in diameter
  • 0.5 to 5 µm in length

  
  

  Eukaryotic:

  • 10 to 100 µm in diameter
  • >10 µm in length
• What type of nucleus do prokaryotes have?

  No nuclear membrane, nucleoid region
• Where is the chromosomal DNA located in prokaryotes?

  In the nucleoid or mesosome
• What is the structure of chromosomal DNA in prokaryotes?

  Circular complexes with RNA
• What are plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

  Small circular DNA molecules in cytoplasm
• How do prokaryotes reproduce?

  Asexually through binary fission
• What are the differences in organelles between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic:

  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Ribosomes: 70S

  
  

  Eukaryotic:

  • Contains all organelles
  • Ribosomes: 80S
• What is the function of ribosomes in bacterial cells?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What is the structure of bacterial ribosomes?

  70S consisting of 50S and 30S subunits
• Where does electron transport for energy occur in prokaryotes?

  In the cell membrane
• What are the main components of the bacterial cell envelope?

  • Outer membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Periplasm
  • Cytoplasmic membrane
• What is the function of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria?

  Initial barrier to the environment
• What are porins in the outer membrane?

  Water-filled pores controlling nutrient passage
• What is the composition of the cell wall in gram-positive bacteria?

  Very thick peptidoglycan layer
• What is teichoic acid?

  Polymer providing rigidity to the cell wall
• What is unique about the gram-negative cell wall?

  It has a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane
• What is the acid-fast cell wall characterized by?

  More than 60% lipid content
• What is the function of the periplasmic space?

  Assists in nutrient capture
• What is the cytoplasmic membrane's role in bacteria?

  Acts as an osmotic barrier
• What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

  • Transport of solutes
  • Housing enzymes for cell wall synthesis
  • Generation of chemical energy
  • Cell motility
  • Mediation of chromosomal segregation
• What is the composition of the capsule in bacteria?

  Made of polysaccharide polymers
• What is the role of slime layers in bacteria?

  Similar to capsules but more diffuse
• What are fimbriae or pili?

  Hairlike structures aiding in attachment
• What is the function of the sex pilus?

  Conduit for DNA passage during conjugation
• What is the primary component of flagella?

  Protein flagellin
• What are the types of flagella based on their arrangement?

  • Monotrichous: one flagella
  • Lophotrichous: multiple at one pole
  • Amphitrichous: one at each end
  • Peritrichous: multiple around the cell
• What is the structure of gram-negative flagella?

  Contains five rings for anchoring
• What is the cytosol's appearance due to?

  Presence of polysomes and inclusions
• What are inclusion bodies in bacteria?

  Storage for energy or structural building blocks
• What is poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)?

  A lipid compound for structural building blocks
• What is the function of metachromatic granules?

  Storage of polysaccharides and lipids
• What is the nucleoid in bacterial cells?

  Region containing the bacterial chromosome