the behaviourist approach L2

• What approach rejected the vagueness of introspection?

  The Behaviourist approach
• Who discovered classical conditioning through research with dogs?

  Pavlov
• What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

  A stimulus that initially produces no response
• What does an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) lead to in classical conditioning?

  An unconditioned response (UCR)
• What happens after many pairings of the NS and UCS?

  The NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What occurs if the CS is presented without the UCS multiple times?

  Extinction occurs and the CR is lost
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

  Reappearance of the CR after extinction
• What is stimulus generalization?

  Responding to similar stimuli as the CS
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Rewarding consequence that increases behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Removing an unpleasant consequence
• How does reinforcement affect behavior?

  It increases the likelihood of repetition
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?

  Unpleasant consequence that decreases behavior
• What is the main criticism of Skinner's research?

  It relied on non-human animals for studies
• What do critics argue about human behavior and free will?

  Human behavior is not determined by conditioning
• What did Skinner argue about free will?

  Free will is merely an illusion
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

  Quick re-establishment of the CR
• What is the definition of a behaviourist?

  People who study observable behavior
• What is reinforcement in the context of behaviorism?

  Anything that strengthens a behavior
• What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?

  Responding to similar stimuli after conditioning
• What are the key features of classical conditioning?

  • Involves NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR
  • Learning occurs through association
  • Extinction and spontaneous recovery are possible
  • Stimulus generalization can occur
• What are the key features of operant conditioning?

  • Behavior is influenced by consequences
  • Positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior
  • Punishment decreases behavior
  • Reinforcement strengthens behavior likelihood
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the behaviourist approach?

  Strengths:

  • Focus on observable behavior
  • Scientific and measurable methods

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Over-reliance on animal studies
  • Neglect of free will and internal processes