3.5A rural-urban migration

• Push factors causing migration:

  • Few services
  • Lack of opportunity
  • Poor transport links
  • natural disasters
  • wars
  • Unhappy life
• Pull factors causing rural-urban migration:

  • access to better services
  • better Job opportunities
  • better transport links
  • improved living condition
• economic migration = a migrant whose soul motivation of migrating is to find employment. Migrants who already have a job may be migrating due to better pay, promotion, etc
• Natural increase = population increasing due to difference between the birth rate and death rate. Usually higher in urban areas.
• Hyperurbanisation = rapid population growth is outstripping the ability of authorities to provide basic needs.
• Karachi: Opportunities

  • Pakistans financial centre
  • Internal migrants looks for jobs here in banking or retail
  • has one of the largest ports in South Asia and is Pakistans centre of trade
  • good universities
• karachi: Challenges

  • high crime and violence rates
  • has many slums (1400)
  • has a deficit of social facilities
  • lack of government intervention
• Mumbai: opportunities

  • better housing and services
  • better healthcare
  • more jobs
  • better living conditions
  • safer environement
• Mumbai's challenges:

  • large amounts of squatter settlements
  • lack of education in Slums
  • inequality from colonial segregation