cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression

• What is Systematic Desensitisation (SD)?

  A behavioral therapy to reduce unwanted responses
• What does SD involve in treating phobias?

  Creating a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations
• How does SD help patients with phobias?

  By teaching them to relax and expose gradually
• What is flooding in therapy?

  A therapy exposing patients to extreme phobic stimuli
• How does flooding reduce anxiety?

  By exposing patients to the phobic stimulus directly
• How many therapy sessions does flooding typically involve?

  A small number of therapy sessions
• What are the learning objectives related to depression?

  • Outline the cognitive approach to depression
  • Evaluate the cognitive approach to depression
• Who proposed the cognitive theory of depression?

  Beck
• What creates vulnerability to depression according to Beck?

  A person's cognitions and way of thinking
• What are the three parts of cognitive vulnerability according to Beck?

  Faulty information processing, negative self-schemas, negative triad
• What is faulty information processing?

  Focusing on negatives and ignoring positives
• How might a person with faulty information processing react to winning the lottery?

  They would focus on someone else's larger win
• What is a negative self-schema?

  A negative package of information about oneself
• How do schemas affect interpretation of information?

  They shape how we interpret the world
• What is the negative triad?

  A dysfunctional view of oneself from negative thinking
• What research supports Beck's model?

  Clark and Beck (1999)
• How does Beck's model apply to screening for depression?

  It assesses cognitive vulnerability in at-risk youth
• What is the application of cognitive vulnerability in CBT?

  To alter cognitions underlying depression
• What is a limitation of Beck's theory?

  It doesn't explain all aspects of depression
• What is Ellis's ABC model?

  A model explaining depression through irrational thoughts

  
• What does each letter in Ellis's ABC model stand for?

  A: Activating event, B: Beliefs, C: Consequences

  
• How does Ellis's model apply to treating depression?

  It is used in rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

  
• What evidence supports the effectiveness of REBT?

  David et al. (2018)
• What is reactive depression?

  A form triggered by negative activating events
• What is a limitation of Ellis's model?

  It only explains reactive depression
• What is a common limitation shared by Beck's and Ellis's theories?

  They don't explain anger or hallucinations
• What is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)?

  • A psychological treatment for depression
  • Patient and therapist clarify problems
  • Jointly identify therapy goals
  • Develop a plan to achieve goals
• What is the first step in CBT?

  Identifying automatic thoughts about the self

  
• How do patients challenge negative beliefs in CBT?

  By testing the reality of their negative beliefs
• What did March et al. (2007) study?

  Effects of CBT vs. antidepressants in adolescents
• What were the results of March et al. (2007)?

  81% improved in CBT and antidepressant groups
• What is a recommendation based on March et al. (2007) findings?

  Make CBT the first choice in treatment
• What is a limitation of CBT in severe cases?

  Clients may lack motivation to engage
• What do recent studies suggest about CBT's long-term effectiveness?

  Relapse is common after treatment
• What are the limitations of CBT?

  • Clients may lack motivation in severe cases
  • Relapse is common after treatment