A01

• State two atypical sex chromosome patterns

  1. Klinefelter's syndrome

  2. Turner's syndrome
• Outline Klinefelter's syndrome

  An abnormal / atypical chromosome pattern in males, where there is an extra X chromosome ( XXY configuration )
• State the physical differences for Klinefelter's syndrome

  - Taller than average

  - Longer limbs

  - Reduced body hair

  - Breast development

  - Less muscular coordination

  - Underdeveloped genitalia resulting in possible infertility
• Describe the psychological differences for Klinefelter's syndrome

  Poorly developed language and reading skills, displaying a passive and shy temperament, lacking interest in sexual activity and issues with memory and problem-solving
• Outline Turner's syndrome

  An abnormal / atypical chromosome pattern in females, where there is only one X chromosome (XO configuration) - meaning affected females only have 45 chromosomes
• State the physical differences for Turner's syndrome

  - Shorter than average

  - High waist-to-hip ratio

  - No breast development

  - Webbed neck

  - Broad / 'shield-like' chest

  - Underdeveloped ovaries resulting in a lack of / no menstrual cycle and possible infertility
• Describe the psychological differences for Turner's syndrome

  Higher than average reading ability, poor spatial, visual memory and mathematical skills, social immaturity and troubles 'fitting in' amongst peers
• Describe the contribution that atypical sex chromosome patterns have towards the nature - nurture debate

  When comparing people who have these conditions with chromosome-typical individuals it allows us to see psychological and behavioural differences between the two groups and conclusion can be drawn as the differences observed have a biological basis
• Outline why research into atypical chromosome patterns is necessary and beneficial

  Continued research into atypical sex chromosome patterns is likely to lead to earlier and more accurate diagnoses, which has the ability to lead to more positive outcomes for individuals
• State one treatment option available for both syndromes

  - Turner's - growth hormones

  - Klinefelter's - testosterone replacement therapy