Cells and Tissues

• What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

  Cell
• What processes are necessary for a cell's survival?

  Metabolism
• What are the two phases of metabolism?

  1. Anabolism (constructive phase)
  2. Catabolism (destructive phase)
• What is anabolism in metabolism?

  Constructive phase of metabolism
• What processes occur during anabolism?

  Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and steroid syntheses
• Where do syntheses occur during anabolism?

  Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
• What is catabolism in metabolism?

  Destructive phase of metabolism
• What process occurs during catabolism?

  Glycolysis and glycogen breakdown
• Where does glycogen breakdown primarily occur?

  Liver and skeletal muscle
• What hormone triggers glucose production from glycogen breakdown?

  Glucagon
• How do anabolism and catabolism differ in metabolism?

  Anabolism builds up, catabolism breaks down
• What is the collective term for different substances that make up a cell?

  Protoplasm
• What are the 5 basic substances of protoplasm?

  1. Water (H2O)
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
  5. Carbohydrates
• What percentage of cell mass does water constitute?

  70 – 85%
• Why are electrolytes important for cells?

  They provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions
• What are the main cations found in electrolytes?

  Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
• What are the main anions found in electrolytes?

  Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, SO4-
• What percentage of cell mass do proteins constitute?

  10 – 20%
• What are the two recognized forms of proteins?

  Structural and globular forms
• What are the two main types of structural proteins?

  Fibrillar and globular forms
• What percentage of cell mass do lipids constitute?

  2%
• What are the most important types of lipids?

  Phospholipid and cholesterol
• What is the role of triglycerides in fat cells?

  They serve as the storage form of lipid
• What is the structural function of carbohydrates in cells?

  They have little structural function
• What is the simplest form of carbohydrate for cellular metabolism?

  Glucose
• What is glycogen's role in the body?

  It is the storage form of carbohydrate
• Where is glycogen primarily stored in the body?

  In the liver and skeletal muscle
• What are the functions of the 5 basic substances of protoplasm?

  • Water: Principal fluid medium
  • Electrolytes: Inorganic chemicals for reactions
  • Proteins: Structural and functional roles
  • Lipids: Form cell membrane and store energy
  • Carbohydrates: Nutritional requirements and energy source
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Regulates influx and efflux of substances
• What is the shape of the nucleus in an animal cell?

  Spheroidal body
• What does chromatin contain?

  Gene/DNA
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  Contains RNA
• What is the nuclear envelope?

  Porous double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm
• What is nucleoplasm?

  Fluid component of the nucleus
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  Produces energy in the form of ATP
• How many ATP are produced per complete cycle in mitochondria?

  36 ATP
• What are lysosomes often referred to as?

  Suicidal bags
• What enzymes do lysosomes and peroxisomes contain?

  Hydrolase and oxidase, respectively
• What is the role of hydrolase in lysosomes?

  Destroys microorganisms and foreign agents
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  Lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis