ALL

• What are the three genera mentioned in the study material related to zoonosis?

  Yersinia, Francisella, and Pasteurella

  
• What percentage of emerging/remerging pathogens are zoonoses?

  75%
• What factors fuel zoonotic and arboviral infections?

  Environmental, ecological, and socioeconomic factors

  
• What is the classification family of Yersinia?

  Enterobacteriaceae
• What is the species name of the plague-causing bacterium?

  Yersinia pestis

  
• What is the historical significance of Yersinia pestis?

  It caused major epidemics like the Black Death

  
• What are the three primary pathogenic species of Yersinia?

  Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

  
• What are the general characteristics of Yersinia pestis?

  • Pleomorphic Gram-negative bacilli or cocci
  • Exhibits bipolar staining
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Classic rodent zoonosis
• What is the role of the capsule in Yersinia pestis?

  It is antiphagocytic

  
• What is the significance of the pMT1 plasmid in Yersinia pestis?

  It contributes to virulence factors

  
• What are the transmission cycles of Yersinia pestis?

  • Sylvatic Cycle
  • Urban Cycle
  • Direct contact through flea bites

  
• What is the most common form of plague?

  Bubonic plague

  
• How is bubonic plague transmitted?

  Through the bite of infected fleas

  
• What are the symptoms of bubonic plague?

  Fever, chills, weakness, swollen lymph nodes

  
• What occurs during septicemic plague?

  1. Y.pestis multiplies in the bloodstream, leading to septic shock, organ failure and often death.
• What are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?

  Fever, weakness, chest pain, respiratory problems

  
• What are the laboratory investigations for diagnosing Yersinia pestis?

  1. Gram stain
  2. Culture for isolation
  3. Fluorescent antibody test
  4. Rapid immunoassays
  5. Molecular studies
• What is the treatment for Yersinia pestis infections?

  Aminoglycosides, doxycycline, tetracycline
• What are the prevention and control measures for Yersinia pestis?

  • Control of rats and fleas
  • Isolate infected patients
  • Careful handling of patients
  • Vaccination (not currently available)

  
• What is the significance of the CRISPR-based diagnostic tool developed in 2021?

  It detects Y. pestis with high sensitivity
• What is the focus of ongoing research on Yersinia?

  Mechanisms of evading host defenses
• Who is the genus Francisella named after?

  Edward Francis

  
• What are the general characteristics of Francisella?

  • Gram-negative coccobacilli
  • Facultative intracellular pathogens
  • Non-motile
  • Aerobes
  • Non-spore forming
• How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?

  Dressing or consuming infected meat
• What are the epidemiological factors for Francisella transmission?

  • Contact with infected animals
  • Biting flies
  • Dressing infected meat
• What is the genus of pathogenic bacteria that is a parasite of macrophages?

  Francisella

  
• Who was the genus Francisella named after?

  Edward Francis

  
• What disease is caused by Francisella tularensis?

  Tularemia

  
• What are the classifications of Francisella?

  • Family: Francisellaceae
  • Genus: Francisella
  • Species:
  • Francisella tularensis
  • F. tularensis subsp. tularensis
  • F. tularensis subsp. holarctica
  • F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica
  • Francisella philomiragia
  • Francisella novicida
• What are the general characteristics of Francisella bacteria?

  Gram-negative coccobacilli, non-motile, aerobes
• How is Francisella transmitted?

  Through infected meat or bites
• What are the entry points for Francisella into the body?

  Conjunctival, oral, or through bites
• What are the systemic spread routes of Francisella after entry?

  Lymphatic and systemic spread
• What are some diseases caused by Francisella infection?

  Septicemia, abscesses, diarrhea
• What specimens are used for laboratory investigations of Francisella?

  • Secretions
  • Exudates
  • Sputum
  • Gastric aspirate
  • Biopsy specimen
  • Blood
• What culture media is used for Francisella growth?

  Cysteine heart blood agar, charcoal-yeast agar
• How long should Francisella cultures be incubated before discarding?

  At least 10 days
• What is the colonial morphology of Francisella on CBA?

  Tiny, grey-white, opaque colonies
• What is the treatment for Francisella infections?

  Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline
• What recent discoveries have been made regarding Francisella?

  • New species: F. japonica discovered in Japan
  • Virulence factor: FTL_0911 required for growth in mice
  • Environmental reservoirs found in Sweden's water
  • Development of a lateral flow assay for diagnosis
  • Vaccine candidates are in development