L2 | SKELETAL SYSTEM

• OSTEOLOGY

  • Science that study the bones
• OSSIFICATION

  • Fusion of bones
• NUMBER OF BONES

  • INFANT - 350 bones
  • CHILD - 208 bones
  • ADULT - 206 bones
• DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS:

  • Axial
  • Appendicular
  • Upper extremities
  • Lower extremities
• SKELETON

  • Any hardened portion of the body of an organism
  • Supports our body and protect our organs
  • ENDOSKELETON (Internally)
  • EXOSKELETON (Externally)
• FUNCTIONS

  • Serves as framework of the body
  • Provides physical support
  • Serves as barrier for protection
  • For muscle attachment
  • Leverage for locomotion
  • Prevents loss of body fluids
• BONES

  • Make up our skeleton
  • Helps us move
  • Hand bones – lift and carry
  • Leg bones – run and jump
• JOINT

  • 2 bones join together
• LIGAMENTS

  • Tough fibres that holds bones at joint
• COMPACT BONE

  • Outside of a bone
• SPONGY BONE

  • Inside of a bone
• MARROW

  • Can be red or yellow:
  • Red – building blocks of blood
  • Yellow – Store fats
• 5 GENERAL TYPES OF SOCKETS

  1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
  2. CONDYLOID
  3. SADDLE JOINT
  4. HINGE JOINT
  5. PIVOT JOINT
• BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

  • Huge amount of maneuverability
  • Hip
  • Shoulder

  
• CONDYLOID

  • Wrist bone

  
• SADDLE JOINT

  • Thumb

  
• HINGE JOINT

  • Only moves in one direction
  • Phalanges

  
• PIVOT JOINT

  • Humerus meets the radius and ulna

  
• AXIAL SKELETON

  • Endoskeleton that are found at the center or axis of the body
• AXIAL SKELETON

  1. Skull
  2. Hyoid
  3. Vertebral column
  4. Sternum
  5. Ribs
  6. 7 TRUE
  7. 3 FALSE
  8. 2 FLOATING
  9. Mandible
• APPENDICULAR SKELETON

  • Endoskeleton that are found laterally  or at the regions of appendages
  • Function: Locomotion
• UPPER APPENDAGE

  1. Clavicle - collar bone
  2. Scapula - shoulder bone
  3. Humerus - upper arm bone
  4. Radius - lower arm bone
  5. Ulna
  6. Carpals - wrist bones
  7. Metacarpals - palm bones
  8. Phalanges - finger bones
• LOWER APPENDAGE

  1. Pelvis - hip bone
  2. Femur - upper leg bone
  3. Patella - knee cap
  4. Tibia - shin bone
  5. Fibula - calf bone
  6. Tarsals - ankle bone
  7. Metatarsals - sole / instep
  8. Phalanges - toe bones
• SKULL

  • 29 bones altogether in the skull and jaw. 
  • Make a box to protect the brain, eyes and ears.
• RIBCAGE

  • Protects heart, lungs and other upper organs. 
  • 24 curved bones, and the sternum runs down the middle.
• SPINE

  • 24 individual small bones ( vertebrae)
  • Supports your head and body. 
  • Linked by small joints
• HAND BONES

  • Bones in your wrist (carpals), palms (metacarpals) and fingers (phalanges).
• FOOT BONES

  • 26 bones in your foot. 
  • Can make an arch shape to support your body when you stand up.
• FEMUR

  • Longest largest and strongest bone of the human body. 
  • Forms part of the hip and part of the knee.
• SCAPULA

  • Also known as shoulder blade. 
  • Flat triangular bone that lies over the back of upper ribs. 
  • Helps with the movement of the arm and shoulder.
• PELVIS

  • Shaped like a bowl. 
  • Holds all of the organs in the lower part of the body. 
  • Slightly moveable joint.
• SKIN CONDITIONS AND DISORDERS

  1. OSTEOPOROSIS
  2. FRACTURES
  3. ARTHRITIS
• OSTEOPOROSIS

  • Weakening of bones due to decreased bone density
• FRACTURES

  • Breaks in bones caused by trauma or stress
• ARTHRITIS

  • Inflammation of joints
• BREAKDOWN OF HUMAN BONES

  • Head bones - 29
  • Left arm bones - 30
  • Right arm bones - 30
  • Trunk bones - 57
  • Left leg bones - 30
  • Right leg bones - 30
• SKELETAL SYSTEM

  A) CRANIUM

  B) RIBCAGE

  C) VERTEBRAE

  D) CARPALS

  E) METACARPALS

  F) PHALANGES

  G) SCAPULA

  H) PELVIS

  I) TARSALS

  J) METATARSALS

  K) PHALANGES