2nd long quiz

• What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

  Cell
• What processes are necessary for a cell's survival?

  Metabolism
• What are the two phases of metabolism?

  1. Anabolism (constructive phase)
  2. Catabolism (destructive phase)
• What occurs during anabolism?

  Carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and steroid syntheses
• What is catabolism primarily responsible for?

  Glycolysis and glycogen breakdown
• What is protoplasm?

  Collective term for substances in a cell
• What are the five basic substances of protoplasm?

  1. Water (H2O)
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Proteins
  4. Lipids
  5. Carbohydrates
• What percentage of cell mass does water constitute?

  70 – 85%
• What are the main cations in electrolytes?

  Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
• What are the main anions in electrolytes?

  Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, SO4-
• What is the most abundant substance in protoplasm after water?

  Proteins
• What are the two forms of proteins recognized in protoplasm?

  Structural and globular forms
• What is the primary function of lipids in protoplasm?

  Form cell membrane
• What is the simplest form of carbohydrate for cellular metabolism?

  Glucose
• What is glycogen's role in the body?

  Storage form of carbohydrate
• What are the main parts of an animal cell?

  1. Cell membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm and organelles
  4. Cytoskeleton
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Regulates influx and efflux of substances
• What does the nucleus contain?

  Gene/DNA and RNA
• What is the role of the nucleolus?

  Contains RNA
• What is the nuclear envelope?

  Porous double membrane enclosing nucleoplasm
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Produces energy in the form of ATP
• How many ATP are produced per complete cycle in mitochondria?

  36 ATP
• What do lysosomes and peroxisomes contain?

  Hydrolase and oxidase enzymes
• What is the function of the Golgi complex?

  Packaging center and synthesis of large carbohydrates
• What is the role of centrioles during cell division?

  Guides spindle fibers during mitosis
• What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

  1. Microtubules
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Actin filaments
• What is the function of microtubules?

  Control movement and aspects of mitosis
• What are the essential components of tissues?

  1. Cells
  2. Intercellular substance
  3. Junctional complex
• What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

  Anchors cell to basement membrane
• What do desmosomes do?

  Anchor cells to each other
• What is the role of gap junctions?

  Communicating junction between cells
• What is the function of zonula occludens?

  Impermeable junction between cells
• What are the classifications of tissues?

  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
• What characterizes epithelial tissue?

  Sheet-like tissues with a free border
• What is simple epithelium?

  Single layer of cells
• What is stratified epithelium used for?

  Protection
• What are the types of simple epithelium?

  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
• Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

  Inner lining of blood vessels and lungs
• Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

  Ducts and secretory parts of glands
• Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

  Ducts, glands, and gut