raine et al 1997 ♡

• What method did Raine use to investigate brain differences?

  PET scans
• How many participants were in the experimental group?

  41 participants
• What was the mean age of the experimental group?

  34.3 years
• What were the genders of the participants in the experimental group?

  39 males and 2 females
• What conditions were present in the experimental group?

  Schizophrenia, head injury, substance abuse, etc.
• How many individuals in the experimental group had schizophrenia?

  6 individuals
• How was the control group created?

  Matched with normal subjects of same sex and age
• How many individuals were in the control group?

  41 individuals
• What was the mean age of the control group?

  31.7 years
• What health screenings were conducted for the control group?

  Physical exams, medical history, psychiatric interviews
• What task were participants given before the FDG injection?

  Continuous performance task (CPT)
• How long was the FDG tracer taken up by the brain?

  32 minutes
• How were the brain scans conducted?

  In 10 mm horizontal slices
• What was the glucose metabolism comparison between murderers and controls?

  Murderers had lower glucose metabolism
• In which brain area did murderers show reduced glucose metabolism?

  Parietal lobe, especially left angular gyrus
• Where was glucose metabolism identical between murderers and controls?

  Temporal lobe
• In which brain area did murderers show higher glucose metabolism?

  Occipital lobe
• What abnormal brain activity was observed in murderers?

  Reduced left and increased right amygdala activity
• Were there significant differences in midbrain and cerebellum activity?

  No significant differences found
• How did both groups perform on the continuous performance task?

  Both groups performed similarly
• What did Raine state about the findings of his research?

  Cannot demonstrate violence is determined by biology
• What factors did Raine emphasize alongside biological factors?

  Social, psychological, cultural, situational factors
• What do the data not demonstrate regarding murderers pleading NGRI?

  They are not responsible for their actions
• What caution did Raine express about his findings?

  Should not be interpreted as definitive
• What ethical concerns were raised about valid consent in Raine's study?

  Murderers may not fully understand research
• What risk of psychological harm was mentioned in the study?

  Performance task could cause anxiety or stress
• What should Raine have done to make the research ethical?

  Fully explain research to participants
• What implications could Raine's research have for the judicial system?

  Consideration of biological factors in sentencing
• What could be a consequence of focusing solely on biological causes of violent behavior?

  Overlooking psychological treatments for offenders
• What could happen if murderers are seen as born rather than made?

  Undermines the concept of free will
• What did Raine suggest about the broader perspective in understanding violence?

  Social environment should also be considered
• What limitation did Raine's study have regarding the criminal population?

  Focused only on murderers
• What strict procedures did Raine use in his study?

  Matching participants and consistency in tasks
• How do strict procedures enhance Raine's study?

  Increase reliability and validity of findings
• What are the key findings of Raine's research on murderers and brain activity?

  • Lower glucose metabolism in parietal lobe
  • Identical glucose metabolism in temporal lobe
  • Higher glucose metabolism in occipital lobe
  • Abnormal asymmetry in amygdala and hippocampus
  • No significant differences in midbrain and cerebellum
• What ethical considerations should be taken into account in studies involving vulnerable populations?

  • Ensure valid consent is obtained
  • Explain research fully to participants
  • Minimize risk of psychological harm
  • Provide right to withdraw from study
  • Debrief participants after research
• What implications does Raine's research have for the judicial system?

  • Consideration of biological factors in sentencing
  • Risk of overlooking psychological treatments
  • Potential costs for long-term imprisonment
  • Impact on offenders' ability to reform
  • Challenges to the concept of free will