Unit1

• Characteristics of living things: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition
• Movement: Is an action by or part of an organism that causes change in position/place
• Respiration: The chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules and releases energy for metabolism
• Sensitivity: The ability to detect or sense stimuli in internal or external environment
• Growth: Permanent increase in size and dry mass
• Reproduction: The process that makes more of the same kind of organisms
• Excretion: The removal of waste products of metabolism and substances excess in requirements
• Nutrition: the taking of materials for energy, growth and development
• Species: Group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
• How are organisms classified?

  By the features they share
• Binomial System: An international agreed system in which the specific name of a species is made up of the genus and species name
• Classification Systems and Evolutionary Relationships: Classification systems organize organisms based on shared ancestry and characteristics, creating a hierarchy reflecting evolutionary history.
• DNA Sequences for Classification:DNA base sequences are unique to each species and serve as a key tool for classification, allowing scientists to analyze and categorize organisms based on genetic makeup.
• DNA Base Sequences and Ancestry: Groups with a recent common ancestor have more similar DNA base sequences, indicating closer evolutionary relationships, while those with a distant ancestor show more divergence in their genetic code.
• Linnaeus's system of classification: King, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
• Vertebrates: Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Fish and Reptiles
• Invertebrates: Arthropods, Myriapods, Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects
• Animals:- Multicellular, No cell wall, Eukaryotes, Heterotrophs
• Plants:- Autotrophs, cellulose cell wall, Eukaryotes
• Fungi:- saprophytic and parasitic, usually multicellular, reproduce sexually and asexually, Eukaryotes
• Protocist:- heterotrophic and autotrophic, usually unicellular, Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic:- no true nucleas, cell wall (not made from cellulose), unicellular, saprophytic and parasitic
• Mycelium- a collection of hypae
• Cell wall made up of chitin, surrounds hypae
• Virus:- genetic material, protein coat
• Mammals:- endothermic, visible pinna, hair/fur on skin, have placenta
• Birds:- endothermic, lay hard shelled eggs in land, have beak, have 2 wings and legs instead of limbs
• Reptiles:- dry and fix scales, lay rubbery shelled eggs on land, cold blooded animals
• Amphibians:- cold blooded, lay eggs without shells in water, smooth and moist skin
• Fish:- wet and loose scales, lay eggs without shells in water, have gill to breath
• Insects:- 3pair of legs and body, 2pair of wings and a pair of antenna
• Myriapods:- pair of antenna, many segmented bodies, a pair of legs for each segmented body
• Arachnids:- 2 parts body, 4 pair of legs, no antenna
• Crustaceans:- chalky exoskeleton, 2pair of antenna, 4+ pair of legs
• Ferns:- leaf called fronds, reproduce by spore underside of fronds
• Flowering plants:- monocots and dicots
• Monocots:- embryo with one cotyledon, flower parts in multiple of three, parallel veins, fibrous root system
• Dicots:- embryo with two cotyledon, branched veins, taproot system, flower parts in multiple of 4or5