ALL

• What is the major pathogen of Mycobacteria?

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  
• Who discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

  Koch in 1882
• What is the other major pathogen of Mycobacteria?

  Mycobacterium leprae

  
• What are MOTTs in relation to Mycobacteria?

  Environmental organisms causing opportunistic infections

  
• What are the classifications of Mycobacteria species?

  • Tuberculosis complex
  • Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
  • Slow-growing nonchromogens
  • Slow-growing scotochromogens
  • Rapid-growing Mycobacteria

  
• What is the structure of Mycobacteria's cell wall?

  Gram positive-like with high lipid content

  Cell wall has peptidoglycan but 60% is lipids

  
• Why do Mycobacteria resist decolorization by acid-alcohol?

  Due to their acid-fast staining properties
• What is a characteristic of Mycobacteria regarding motility?

  They are non-motile
• What type of bacteria are Mycobacteria in terms of oxygen requirement?

  Strict aerobes
• What is the primary disease process caused by Mycobacteria?

  Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction
• What is the chronic course of disease associated with Mycobacteria?

  Granulomatous response
• What is the significance of mycolic acid in Mycobacteria?

  It contributes to their virulence and impermeability
• What is the TB incidence rate in 2021?

  10.6 million incident cases

  
• What percentage of TB deaths were from Africa and Southeast Asia?

  82% of non-HIV deaths
• What are the main symptoms of TB?

  Prolonged cough, weight loss, fever

  
• What are the main sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

  • Central nervous system (meningitis)
  • Lymphatics (scrofula)
  • Pleura (tuberculosis pleurisy)
  • Disseminated (miliary tuberculosis)
  • Bones and joints (Pott's disease)
  • Genito-urinary (urogenital TB)

  
• What is the role of macrophages in TB infection?

  They engulf and recognize M. tuberculosis

  
• How does the immune response affect TB infection progression?

  It can lead to either active TB or latent infection

  
• What is latent TB infection (LTBI)?

  Presence of M. tuberculosis without symptoms

  
• What is the annual risk of developing active TB from LTBI?

  5-15%

  
• What increases the lifetime risk of developing active TB?

  Co-infection with HIV

  
• What is the mode of transmission for M. tuberculosis?

  Droplet infection via inhalation

  
• What are the risk factors for TB infection?

  Crowding, poor ventilation, malnutrition

  
• How does the immune response change during TB infection?

  It can become compromised over time

  
• What is the significance of the cord factor in Mycobacteria?

  It contributes to virulence
• What is the role of heat-shock proteins in Mycobacteria?

  They provide antigenicity
• What type of media is required for culturing Mycobacteria?

  Enriched culture media

  
• What is the purpose of Malachite green in culture media?

  It inhibits growth of contaminants
• What is the generation time for Mycobacteria?

  15-20 hours
• What is the impact of high lipid content in Mycobacteria's cell wall?

  It confers impermeability to stains and antibiotics

  
• How does the immune response affect bacterial growth in TB?

  It can either arrest or allow uncontrolled growth
• What is the primary cause of TB disease?

  Infection with M. tuberculosis
• What are the common symptoms of active TB?

  Prolonged cough, weight loss, fever, night sweats

  
• What are the main sites affected by extrapulmonary tuberculosis?

  CNS, lymphatics, pleura, bones

  
• How does TB spread from person to person?

  Through inhalation of droplet nuclei

  
• What is the role of macrophages in TB infection?

  They engulf and recognize M. tuberculosis

  
• What happens during the reactivation of latent TB infection?

  Bacterial growth resumes and symptoms appear

  
• What is the significance of the granulomatous response in TB?

  It is a key feature of the disease process
• What is the impact of malnutrition on TB risk?

  It increases susceptibility to infection

  
• How do environmental factors contribute to TB transmission?

  Poor ventilation and crowding increase risk