Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• What is the focus of section 41 of the study material?

  Bacteria overview, specifically tuberculosis
• What does the character holding tubers symbolize in the video?

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• What is the significance of the smoke in the kitchen scene?

  It represents TB entering the lungs
• What does the microphone in the scene help you remember?

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis has mycolic acid
• What does the green acid from the car symbolize?

  TB is an acid-fast bacillus
• What is carbol fusion used for?

  It is a red staining reagent for TB
• What color does Mycobacterium tuberculosis appear after staining?

  Bright red
• What does the basketball signed by LeBron James represent?

  Lowenstein Jensen medium for TB growth
• What are the different forms of TB mentioned?

  Primary, secondary, miliary, latent, primary progressive
• What is the initial exposure route for TB?

  Inhaled through aerosolized droplets
• What happens to TB once it is in the alveoli?

  It encounters alveolar macrophages
• What virulence factor prevents TB from being destroyed by macrophages?

  Cord factor
• What immune response occurs after TB is engulfed by macrophages?

  Macrophages present TB antigens to T cells
• What cytokine do TH1 cells release to activate macrophages?

  Interferon gamma
• What occurs several weeks after TB infection?

  Macrophages become fully activated
• What are the two important functions of fully activated macrophages?

  Destroy TB and form granulomas
• What is latent TB?

  TB is suppressed but still present
• What can cause latent TB to reactivate?

  Weakening of the immune system
• What are the classic symptoms of secondary TB?

  Night sweats, fever, hemoptysis, weight loss
• What is miliary TB?

  TB that spreads throughout the body
• What is primary progressive TB?

  Occurs in immunocompromised patients
• What does the smoke in the kitchen help you remember?

  TB enters the lungs via aerosolized droplets
• What does the snake cage symbolize?

  Macrophages engulfing TB in alveoli
• What does the cord from the TV represent?

  Cord factor produced by TB
• What appearance do mycobacteria have under the microscope?

  Serpentine cord appearance
• What does spilled Tide detergent symbolize?

  Sulfatide, a virulence factor of TB
• What does the PPD test determine?

  Prior exposure to TB
• What happens during the PPD test?

  Tuberculin is injected into the skin
• What indicates a positive PPD test?

  Induration of 15 mm or greater
• What does the syringe in the scene represent?

  BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
• Why is the BCG vaccine not commonly administered in the US?

  It causes false positive PPD tests
• What does the green rays from the laundry machine symbolize?

  Interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)
• What does the gong sound help you remember?

  Ghon complex may form during primary TB
• What is the Ghon complex?

  Hilar lymphadenopathy and granuloma formation
• What can trigger the Adaptive immune system in individuals with a BCG vaccine?

  Ulin antigens
• What effect do ulin antigens have on PPD tests?

  They cause false positive PPD tests
• What does the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) test for?

  TB infection in vaccinated individuals
• How does IGRA compare to the PPD test?

  It results in fewer false positives
• What does the gon complex represent in primary TB?

  Hilar lymphadenopathy and granuloma
• What causes hilar lymphadenopathy in primary TB?

  Migration of antigen presenting cells