Mycobacterium leprae

• What is the focus of section 42 of the study material?

  Bacterial overview, specifically Mycobacterium leprae
• What mnemonic is used to remember Mycobacterium leprae?

  Leopards help remember Mycobacterium leprae
• What does the term "acid fast organism" refer to in this context?

  Organisms resistant to decolorization by acids
• What environmental condition is depicted to represent acid fastness?

  Acid rain
• What does the dark rain cloud symbolize in the video?

  Destruction caused by acid rain
• What does the poacher represent in the mnemonic?

  Carbol fusion in acid fast staining
• What does the microphone symbolize in the context of Mycobacterium leprae?

  Presence of mycolic acid in the cell wall
• What is the appearance of Mycobacterium leprae in an acid fast stain?

  Many red appearing organisms
• What animal is a reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae in the US?

  Armadillo
• Why does Mycobacterium leprae prefer cool temperatures?

  It infects superficial nerves and skin
• What does the term "glove and stocking loss of sensation" refer to?

  Loss of sensation in extremities
• What does the broken petri dish symbolize?

  Mycobacterium leprae cannot be grown in vitro
• What does the dart represent in the context of obtaining a biopsy?

  Instruments used to obtain a biopsy

  Diagnosed with a skin biopsy
• What does the chain-link fence symbolize?

  Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis
• What are the two forms of leprosy discussed?

  • Lepromatous form
  • Tuberculoid form
• How does Mycobacterium leprae enter the host?

  Through respiratory droplets or skin
• What happens after Mycobacterium leprae is engulfed by a macrophage?

  Antigens are presented to naive T-cells
• What immune response is associated with the tuberculoid form of leprosy?

  Strong immune response with TH1 cells
• What is the outcome of a strong immune response to Mycobacterium leprae?

  Successful intracellular destruction and granuloma formation
• What is the lepromatous form of leprosy associated with?

  High bacterial load and weak immune response
• What does "leonine facies" refer to?

  Thickened facial features resembling a lion
• What does the tuberculoid form of leprosy exhibit?

  Strong immune response and low bacterial load
• What is the treatment for both forms of leprosy?

  Dapsone and rifampin
• What additional drug is used for the lepromatous form of leprosy?

  Clofazamine
• What does the question about the 41-year-old male patient illustrate?

  Symptoms and diagnosis of tuberculoid leprosy
• What is the correct answer regarding the patient's condition in the question?

  Cell wall contains many long fatty acids
• What cytokine is involved in the immune response for tuberculoid leprosy?

  Interferon gamma
• What is the role of IL-4 in leprosy?

  Promotes B cell activation in lepromatous form
• What is the significance of mycolic acid in Mycobacterium leprae?

  It contributes to the organism's acid-fastness
• How does the immune response differ between the two forms of leprosy?

  Tuberculoid has TH1 response, lepromatous has TH2
• What is the relationship between Mycobacterium leprae and nerve tissue?

  It invades nerve tissue causing damage
• What is the role of macrophages in the immune response to Mycobacterium leprae?

  Engulf and attempt to destroy the pathogen
• What does granuloma formation indicate in the immune response?

  Successful containment of the pathogen
• What does a low bacterial load in tuberculoid leprosy indicate?

  Effective immune response
• What does a high bacterial load in lepromatous leprosy indicate?

  Weak immune response
• What is the significance of the leopards in the mnemonic for lepromatous leprosy?

  They represent a weak immune system
• What does the presence of a tubercle indicate in the context of leprosy?

  It indicates the tuberculoid form of leprosy
• What does the presence of green mold signify in the context of leprosy?

  High bacterial load in lepromatous form
• What does the skull symbolize in the context of lepromatous leprosy?

  Potential lethality of the lepromatous form
• What does the deputy's star symbolize in the context of leprosy treatment?

  Dapsone used for treating leprosy