PRELIMS

• What does a routine urinalysis test for?

  Urinary and systemic disorders
• What physical characteristics does a routine urinalysis evaluate?

  Color, odor, turbidity, and opacity
• What specific measurements are determined in a routine urinalysis?

  Specific gravity and pH
• What substances does a routine urinalysis detect and measure?

  Protein, glucose, and ketone bodies
• What does the examination of sediment in urinalysis look for?

  Blood cells, casts, and crystals
• What diagnostic laboratory methods are used in urinalysis?

  Visual examination, reagent strip screening, refractometry, and microscopic inspection
• What are the purposes of a routine urinalysis?

  • Screen for renal or urinary tract disease
  • Detect metabolic or systemic diseases
  • Identify substances like drugs
• How should a patient be prepared for a routine urinalysis?

  Explain the test's purpose and no food restrictions
• What is the minimum volume of urine needed for a specimen collection?

  At least 15 ml
• Why is a first-voided morning specimen preferred?

  It provides more concentrated urine
• What should a patient be informed about after specimen collection?

  They may resume usual diet and medications
• How should urine be strained during specimen collection?

  Through a gauze pad or fine-mesh sieve
• What should be done with the specimen after collection?

  Send it to the laboratory immediately
• What is the procedure if analysis will be delayed longer than 1 hour?

  Refrigerate the specimen
• What should be notified to the laboratory before a urinalysis?

  Medications that may affect results
• What does a normal urinalysis result indicate?

  • Information about renal/urinary system
  • Protein content indicates renal function
  • Specific gravity reflects kidney's concentration ability
  • Low specific gravity indicates dilute urine
  • High specific gravity indicates concentrated urine
• What should be done if the patient is evaluated for renal colic?

  Strain the specimen to catch stones
• What does low specific gravity indicate?

  Urine is dilute
• What indicates a urinary tract infection in urinalysis?

  Leukocyte esterase, nitrite, and white blood cells
• What does protein content in urine indicate?

  Decreased renal function
• What does specific gravity measure in urine?

  The concentration of particles in urine
• What are casts in urine?


  Clumps of cells formed in the tubules
• What do hyaline casts indicate?


  Protein in the urine
• What do red blood cells in urine indicate?


  Damage to the renal tubules
• What do crystals in urine indicate?


  The presence of renal stones
• What do renal tubular epithelial cell casts reflect?

  Damage to the tubules
• What do WBC and RBC casts indicate?

  Upper urinary tract infection
• What do abnormal findings in urinalysis suggest?

  • Color changes from diet, drugs, diseases
  • Odor changes indicate specific conditions
  • Turbidity may reflect renal infection
  • Specific gravity indicates hydration status
  • pH reflects dietary influences
  • Proteinuria suggests renal failure or disease
  • Glycosuria indicates diabetes mellitus
  • Ketonuria occurs in diabetes mellitus
  • Bilirubin indicates liver disease
  • Urobilinogen indicates liver damage
  • Crystals suggest metabolic issues
  • Hematuria indicates bleeding in the tract
• What do RBC casts indicate?

  Serious kidney disorders
• What color changes in urine can indicate?

  Diet, drugs, and many diseases
• What fruity odor in urine indicates?

  Formation of ketone bodies
• What does high specific gravity indicate?

  Urine is concentrated
• What does turbid urine indicate?

  Presence of cells, bacteria, or fat
• What fetid odor in urine is associated with?

  Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections
• What can alkaline urine pH result from?

  Vegetarian diet or urea-splitting bacteria
• What does low specific gravity indicate?

  Diabetes insipidus or increased fluid intake
• What does fixed specific gravity indicate?

  Chronic glomerulonephritis with severe damage
• What does high specific gravity indicate?

  Dehydration or nephrotic syndrome
• What does increased urobilinogen in urine indicate?

  Liver damage or hemolytic disease
• What do numerous calcium oxalate crystals suggest?

  Hypercalcemia or ethylene glycol ingestion