Viral diseases

• What are viruses classified as?

  Non-living pathogens
• How do viruses cause diseases?

  By invading host cells and replicating inside them
• How do viruses differ from bacteria in terms of disease mechanism?

  Viruses do not produce toxins
• What are the transmission methods for viruses?

  Droplets, contact, contaminated food, vectors
• What is the cause of Measles?

  • Measles virus (Morbillivirus)
• How is Measles transmitted?

  • Spread by droplets from coughs and sneezes
  • Highly contagious, survives in air/surfaces
• What are the symptoms of Measles?

  Fever, rash, cold-like symptoms
• What severe complications can arise from Measles?

  Pneumonia, encephalitis, blindness
• What is the prevention method for Measles?

  Vaccination with MMR vaccine
• What should be done with infected individuals to prevent Measles spread?

  They should be isolated
• What is the cause of HIV/AIDS?

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• How is HIV transmitted?

  • Bodily fluids: unprotected sex, blood contact
  • From mother to baby during pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like illness
• What happens to the body when AIDS develops?

  Minor infections become life-threatening
• What is the treatment for HIV?

  Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)
• How do ARVs help HIV patients?

  They slow down viral replication
• What methods reduce HIV transmission?

  Condom use and needle exchange programmes
• What are the symptoms of TMV?

  Mosaic pattern, stunted growth
• What is the prevention method for TMV?

  Remove and destroy infected plants
• How can good field hygiene help with TMV?

  It helps reduce infection spread
• How does TMV affect crop yield?

  It reduces crop yield significantly
• How does hygiene and sanitation help prevent viral diseases?

  Reduces viral spread through cleanliness
• What are general ways to prevent and treat viral diseases?

  1. Vaccination
  2. Hygiene & Sanitation
  3. Quarantine & Isolation
  4. Antiviral Drugs
  5. Vector Control
• What is the role of vaccination in preventing viral diseases?

  Triggers immune system to produce antibodies
• What is the purpose of quarantine and isolation?

  Prevents outbreaks by separating infected individuals
• How do antiviral drugs work?

  Slow down viral replication
• What is the cause of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
• How is TMV transmitted?

  • Direct contact between plants
  • Spread by insect vectors
  • Can remain in soil
• Why do antibiotics not work against viruses?

  Viruses lack cell walls and metabolic processes
• How does HIV affect the immune system?

  It attacks T-helper cells, weakening immunity
• What does AIDS stand for?

  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• What is vector control in relation to viral diseases?

  Controlling organisms that spread viruses
• How can mosquito nets help prevent viral diseases?

  They reduce mosquito bites and transmission
• What are viruses classified as?

  Non-living pathogens
• How do viruses cause diseases?

  By invading host cells and replicating inside them
• How do viruses spread?

  Through droplets, contact, food, water, or vectors
• How is Measles transmitted?

  • Spread by droplets from coughs and sneezes
  • Highly contagious, survives in air or surfaces
• What is the cause of Measles?

  • Measles virus (Morbillivirus)
• What are the symptoms of Measles?

  Fever, rash, cold-like symptoms
• What severe complications can arise from Measles?

  Pneumonia, encephalitis, or blindness