Coastal landforms

• What are the two types of coastlines discussed?

  Discordant and concordant coastlines
• How do discordant coastlines differ from concordant coastlines?

  Discordant coastlines have rock bands at right angles
• What landforms are formed along discordant coastlines?

  Headlands and bays
• Why do bays have a gentle slope?

  Less resistant rock erodes faster
• What forms a headland along a discordant coastline?

  Resistant rock that erodes slowly
• What features do headlands create?

  Caves, stacks, and stumps
• How do waves contribute to the formation of caves in headlands?

  Waves enlarge cracks through hydraulic power
• What happens to a cave as erosion continues?

  It deepens until it forms an arch
• What occurs when an arch collapses?

  A stack is formed, an isolated rock
• What is the process of headland erosion leading to cave and arch formation?

  • Waves crash into headlands
  • Cracks in resistant rock enlarge
  • Caves form from repeated erosion
  • Caves deepen and break through to form arches
  • Arches collapse, creating stacks
• What are the characteristics of discordant coastlines?

  • Alternating bands of hard and soft rock
  • Rock layers are at right angles to the coast
  • Form headlands and bays
• What are the characteristics of concordant coastlines?

  • Alternating bands of rock
  • Rock layers are parallel to the coast
  • Less prominent landforms compared to discordant coastlines
• What coastal landforms are discussed in this video?

  Wave cut platforms, beaches, spits, bars, sand dunes
• How are wave cut platforms formed?

  • Waves cause erosion at cliff foot
  • Formation of a wave cut notch
  • Notch enlarges over time
  • Rock above becomes unstable and collapses
  • Collapsed material is washed away
  • New wave cut notch forms
  • Cliff retreats, leaving a wave cut platform
• Where are beaches typically found?

  Between high and low water marks
• What are the two types of beaches?

  • Sandy beaches
  • Shingle beaches
• How are sandy beaches formed?

  By low energy waves depositing material
• What characteristics do sandy beaches have?

  Flat and wide with a gentle slope
• How are shingle beaches formed?

  By high energy waves depositing large shingle
• What characteristics do shingle beaches have?

  Steep and narrow with a steep slope
• How do spits form?

  • Form at sharp bends in the coastline
  • Longshore drift transports sand and shingle
  • Deposits material in the sea
  • Strong winds and waves curve the spit end
  • Sheltered area accumulates material
  • Can develop into mud flats or salt marshes
• What is a bar in coastal geography?

  • A bar forms when a spit joins two headlands
  • Cuts off the bay from the sea
  • Creates a lagoon
  • Offshore bars form on gentle slopes
  • Friction slows waves, depositing sediment
• How are sand dunes formed?

  • Sand deposited by longshore drift
  • Wind moves sand up the beach
  • Obstacles cause wind speed to decrease
  • Sand is deposited, forming embryo dunes
  • Embryo dunes are colonized by plants
  • Roots stabilize the dunes
• What stabilizes embryo dunes?

  Roots of vegetation
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