memory studies

• What was sperling's aim

  the duration and capacity of information in the sensory register
• What was sperling's procedure

  procedure- he studied the ionic store - pps were trained in distinguishing high medium and low tone - the tone corresponded to the row on the grid they had to recall after the grid was shown. higher tone top row medium with the middle row and low with the bottom.
• What was sperling's results

  capacity result- the recalls were on average just over 3 out of 4 symbols from any row. duration- if there was a delay between the presentation and the grid and the tone more informaion was lost
• And what did sperling's conclude

  conclusion- capacity of sr is large however the duration is limited.
• Ethics? (sperling)

  ethical- would need consent
• Internal validity- high or low- why? (sperling)

  high- control of variables low- fustration causes guessing
• External validity- high or low-why? (sperling)

  low- controlled - artifical
• Generalisability? (sperling)

  yes- results are supportive no- too artifical
• What did Baddeley research

  coding in STM +LTM
• What was jacobs aim

  the capacity of STM
• What was jacobs procedure

  he used a sample of 443 female student aged 8-19 and asked them to repeat a string of numbers or letters in the same order gradually increasing until pps could no longer do it.
• What was jacobs results

  letter- students had an average span of 7.3 items correctly recalled in order and 9.3 words. numbers- average span of 9.3 items correctly recalled in order
• And what did jacobs conclude

  STM has a limited capacity
• Ethics? (jacobs)

  ethical- consent + no harm and distress.
• Internal validity- high or low- why? (jacobs)

  high- controlled experiment low- could not stop them from rehearsing the letters and number
• External validity- high or low-why? (jacobs)

  low- too artificial
• Generalisability? (jacobs)

  yes- can be replicated no- too artificial
• What was P+P aim

  duration of STM
• What was P+P procedure

  24 students was tested over 8 trails each trail the pps were given a consonant syllable and a 3 digit number e.g (THX512) and were asked to recall the consonant syllable after retention interval of 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds. during retention interval they were asked to count backwards from their 3 digit number.
• What was P+P results

  after 3 secs- pps could recall 80% of consonant syllables correctly after 18 only 10% were recalled correctly
• And what did P+P conclude

  P+P concluded that STM has a limited duration of approx. 18 seconds.
• Ethics? (P+P)

  ethical- consent + no harm + distress.
• Internal validity- high or low- why? (P+P)

  high-controlled
• External validity- high or low-why? (P+P)

  low- artificial
• generalisability? (P+P)

  No - too artificial
• What was Baddeley aim

  coding in STM + LTM
• What was Baddeley procedure

  75 pps used - with 1 of 4 list of word list a - acoustically similar (mat,cat,sat) list b acoustically dissimilar (day, cow, pit) list c- semantically similar words- mean the same thig ( big, huge, tall) list d - semantically dissimilar - words that mean different things ( not , safe, foul). STM- pps were given their list in the wrong order and they had to put it in the correct order. for LTM - they did the same thing after waiting 20 mins and were asked to do another task to prevent rehearsal in the waiting period.
• What was Baddeley results

  STM- pps with list A performed worse with 10% recall LTM- list c recalled the least efficiently
• And what did Baddeley conclude

  STM and LTM encodes info differently suggesting they are 2 different independent stores of memory. STM- acoustic LTM - semantic
• Ethics? (Baddeley)

  Ethical - consent
• Internal validity- high or low- why? (Baddeley)

  high- controlled
• External validity- high or low-why?(Baddeley)

  low- artificial
• Generalisability? (Baddeley)

  no- too artificial
• What was his aim Bahrick et al

  duration of LTM
• What was his procedure Bahrick et al

  he took 392 American uni graduates - pps had to remember the names of ex classmates (free recall) -pictures were shown too other pps and they were asked to identify the ones they recognised (visual recognition) -other pps were aksed to recognise the names of ppl from school (verbal recognition)
• What was his results Bahrick et al

  free recall for pps who left school 15yrs was 60% accurate and 30% for pps who left 48 yrs ago. verbal and visual recognition was the highest - 90% for pps who left 15 yrs ago and 70% for verbal and 80% for visual for pps who left 48 yrs ago
• And what did he conclude Bahrick et al

  long term memories are not permanent - with the passage of time it gets worse
• Ethics? Bahrick et al

  ethical- consent - no harm + distress
• Internal validity- high or low- why? Bahrick et al

  low- no control over variables
• External validity- high or low-why? Bahrick et al

  high- not artificial