microscopy & cell

• What is the primary use of a microscope?

  Viewing small objects like microbes
• Why is the microscope considered important in a laboratory?

  It is essential for examining small specimens
• What does a microscope do to a specimen?

  Magnifies and resolves fine detail
• What is a simple microscope?

  Uses a single lens to magnify
• What is a compound microscope?

  Uses several lenses to magnify
• What are the magnifying parts of a microscope?

  Ocular and objective lenses
• What is the function of the ocular lens?

  Final image is viewed through it
• What is the typical magnification of the ocular lens?

  10x-15x magnification
• What does the objective lens do?

  Magnifies the specimen using multiple lenses
• What is the scanning objective lens magnification?

  4x magnification
• What color represents the LPO objective lens?

  Yellow
• What is the total magnification formula?

  Total Magnification = Objective x Ocular
• What is the purpose of the light source in a microscope?

  Provides even, high-intensity light
• What does the condenser do?

  Controls the intensity of the light
• How does lowering the condenser affect illumination?

  Diminishes the illumination
• What is the function of the iris diaphragm?

  Controls light reaching the object
• Where is the draw tube located?

  On the top of the body tube
• What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob?

  Used for initial focusing
• When is the fine adjustment knob used?

  For fine tuning or sharp focusing
• What is bright field microscopy?

  Allows light rays to pass directly through
• What is the purpose of dark field microscopy?

  To observe transparent microorganisms
• What does phase contrast microscopy differentiate?

  Transparent protoplasmic structures without staining
• What is fluorescence microscopy used for?

  Involves differential dyes and immunofluorescence
• What does polarizing microscopy identify?

  Birefringence in certain substances
• What is the main advantage of electron microscopy?

  Attains extremely high resolution
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  Large structure with double membrane
• What is the major function of the nucleus?

  Houses DNA for protein synthesis
• What is the structure of the nucleolus?

  Large, prominent structure within the nucleus
• What is the major function of the nucleolus?

  Synthesis of ribosomes
• What does the nuclear envelope do?

  Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
• What is the cytoplasm responsible for?

  Many cellular processes
• What is the function of cytosol?

  Supports organelles and facilitates diffusion
• What are organelles?

  Structures carrying out specific metabolic activities
• What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  Network of membranous tubules and sacs
• What is the function of smooth ER?

  Synthesis of lipids and glycogen metabolism
• What is the function of rough ER?

  Synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins
• What is the Golgi apparatus known for?

  Major site for carbohydrate synthesis
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
• What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus?

  Cis face and trans face
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Digest proteins, fats, and nucleic acids