PHILO MIDTERMS

• What does philosophy address?

  Diversity
• How does diversity make a person unique?

  Through biological, cultural, and experiential differences
• What is the main challenge of the 21st century regarding diversity?

  Acceptance of differences
• What is the main goal of philosophy in relation to diversity?

  To bridge the gap for holistic understanding
• What does the Greek word "Philo" mean?

  Love
• What does the Greek word "Sophia" mean?

  Wisdom
• What does philosophy originally mean?

  Love of wisdom
• How does philosophy study the first causes of all things?

  By using the natural light of reason
• What does it mean that philosophy is multidimensional?

  It does not limit to a particular inquiry
• What is the principle of identity?

  Whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not
• What does the principle of non-contradiction state?

  A thing cannot be and not be simultaneously
• Why is the principle of non-contradiction important?

  It allows us to know what we do not know
• What does the principle of excluded middle assert?

  A thing is either is or is not
• What is the principle of sufficient reason?

  Nothing exists without a sufficient reason
• What does metaphysics study?

  The most abstract aspects of reality
• What does Plato argue about the physical world?

  It is not real; reality is unchanging and eternal
• What is the focus of ethics in philosophy?

  Systematizing concepts of right and wrong behavior
• How does ethics differ from traditional moral views?

  It adopts a critical perspective on moral law
• What does epistemology deal with?

  Nature, sources, and validity of knowledge
• What is induction in the acquisition of knowledge?

  Knowledge gained through sensory experience
• What do empiricists believe about knowledge?

  It is acquired through induction
• What is deduction in the context of knowledge acquisition?

  Knowledge based on logic and reasoning
• What do rationalists advocate regarding knowledge?

  Knowledge is obtained through deduction
• What does pragmatism emphasize in knowledge acquisition?

  Value in use as the test of truth
• What is the role of logic in philosophy?

  To study reasoning and valid inference
• What does aesthetics study?

  The nature and appreciation of art and beauty
• What is the importance of aesthetics?

  It vitalizes knowledge and connects us to culture
• What is a proposition in logic?

  A declarative sentence that is true or false
• What is a premise in an argument?

  A statement that supports a conclusion
• What is inference in logic?

  Drawing conclusions based on premises
• What is deduction in logical arguments?

  General principles leading to specific conclusions
• What is induction in logical arguments?

  Specific observations leading to general conclusions
• What is a fallacy in argumentation?

  A deceptive or misleading argument
• What is an appeal to pity fallacy?

  Winning by exploiting feelings of guilt
• What is an appeal to ignorance fallacy?

  Claiming something is true due to lack of proof
• What is equivocation in arguments?

  Switching meanings of terms during an argument
• What is composition in logical arguments?

  Assuming what is true for parts is true for whole
• What is division in logical arguments?

  Assuming what is true for the whole is true for parts
• What is the appeal to guilt and pity in arguments called?

  Appeal to pity
• How does the appeal to ignorance function in an argument?

  Winning by lack of proof against a claim