Dynamic development

• Economic development - progress in economic growth
• Social development - improvement in people's standard of living
• Environmental development - advances on the management and protection of the environment
• Goss Domestic product (GDP) :

  Measures- wealth -as country develops it gets higher

  • Total value of goods + services a country produces in a year - often given in US $
• GDP per capita:

  Measures-wealth-as country develops it gets higher

  • GDP divided by population of a country-given in US $
• Gross National Income (GNI):

  Measures-wealth-as country develops it gets higher

  • total value of goods produced by a country in a year - including income from overseas - often given in US $
• GNI per capita:

  Measures-wealth-as country develops it gets higher

  • GNI divided by population of a country-given in US $
• Birth rate:

  Measures-women's rights-as country develops it gets lower

  • Number of live babies born per thousand of population per year
• Death rate:

  Measures-Health-as country develops it gets lower

  • Number of deaths per thousand of population per year
• Life expectancy:

  Measures-Health-as country develops it gets higher

  • Average age a person can expect to live to
• Infant mortality rate:

  Measures-Health-as country develops it gets lower

  • Number of babies who die under 1yrs old per thousand babies born
• Literacy rate:

  Measures-Education-as country develops it gets higher

  • Percentage of adults who can read + write
• Human development index (HDI):

  Measures-Lots of things-as country develops it gets higher

  • Number calculated using life expectancy, education level + income per head
  • Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
• Happy Index:

  Measures-Lots of things-no overall pattern as country develops

  • Calculated by dividing a country's life expectancy, well being + level of inequality by its environmental impact
  • Countries are grade a green (good) amber (medium) or red (bad)
• Uneven development:

  Wealth: People in more developed countries have higher income than those in less developed countries

  Health: Better health care means that people in more developed countries live longer than those in less developed countries

  Education: People in more developed countries tend to be mooore educated than those in less developed countries
• LIDCs:

  • GNI per capita is very low + most have low standard of living
  • Economy based on primary industry
  • Don't export many goods
  • Don't have much money to spend on development = development stays low
• ACs:

  • GNI per capita is high + most have high standard of living
  • Economy based on tertiary and quaternary industry
  • Have lots of money to spend on improving education, transport + healthcare = well educated + high life expectancy
• EDCs:

  • Getting richer - economy is moving from being based on primary industry to secondary industry
  • Export many goods / high exports
  • Have money to spend on development = health care + education is improving - standard of living is improving
• Physical factors affecting development:

  Poor Climate:

  • Poor climate = not much will grow = reduce amount of food produced = malnutrition = low quality of life
  • Fewer crops to sell = less money to spend on goods + services = reduce quality of life
  • Governments gets less money on taxes = less to spend on developing country
• Physical factors affecting development:

  Few natural resources:

  • Countries without many raw materials like coil, oil or metal ores = less money = fewer products to sell = less money on development
  • Some with lots of raw materials - not developed = don't have money to develop infrastructure to exploit them
• + more expensive

  • Countries landlocked = harder + more expensive to transport goods in and out the country = harder to make money by exporting goods = less to spend on development
  • Harder to import goods that might help country to develop
• Physical factors affecting development:

  Lots of natural hazards:

  • Natural hazard- natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans or destroy property
  • Country has lots of natural hazard = have to spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters occur
• Human factors affecting development:

  Conflict:

  • War, especially ciivil wars can reduce levels of development E.g health care becomes much worse
  • Money is pent on arms and fighting instead of development = people killed + damage to infrastructure + property
  • Need to spend money on repairing damage when fight ends
• Human factors affecting development:

  Debt:

  • LIDCs often borrow money from other countries and internal organisations E.g to help cope with aftermath of natural disaster
  • Money has to be paid back usually with interest = any money country makes can't be used for development
• Rostow's model-5 stages of economic development:

  1. Traditional society - Subsistence based. Farming, fishing, forestry. Little trade
  2. Pre-conditions for take off - manufacturing starts to develop - infrastructure is built - international trade begins
  3. Take off - Rapid, intensive growth - large scale industrialisation - increasing wealth
  4. Drive to maturity - economy grows so people get wealthier - standards of living rises - widespread use of technology
  5. Mass consumption - Lots of trade - goods are mass produced - people are wealthy - high levels of consumption
• The eight Millennium Development Goals:

  1. Eliminate extreme poverty and hunger;2. Achieve global primary education;3. Empower women and promote gender equality;4. Reduce child mortality5. Promote maternal health;6. Fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases;7. Promote environmental sustainability8. Develop a universal partnership for development.

  
• Factors affecting development:

  Politics:

  • Corrupt governments can hinder development E.g by taking money for building new infrastructure or improving facilities + prevent a fair election - no chance for a democratically elected government to gain power
  • Government = unstable -companies + other countries unlikely to invest or want to trade = level of development stays low
  • Governments need to invest in right things to help country develop e.g school - invest in wrong things = country won't develop as quickly
• Factors affecting development:

  Trade:

  • Exchange of goods and services
  • Export of greater value than they import = trade surplus
  • Import of greater value than they export = trade deficit = less money coming in than going out = poorer
  • World trade patterns - poor trade links = make less money = less to spend on development
  • Exporting primary products = less profitable than exporting manufactured goods - export mainly primary goods = less developed
• Factors affecting development:

  Education:

  • Educated people = more skilled work force = can produce more goods + offer more services = bring money into country through trade/investment
  • Educated people earn more = pay more taxes = provides money that can be spent on development