Module 1 Chemistry

• Natural Ca - channel blocker (anticonvulsant – IM) o Antidote: Ca gluconate MgCO 3 Magnesium carbonate M agnesia
• Magnesium carbonate is an antacid and laxative.
• Magnesium oxide is an antacid, laxative, and component of universal antidote.
• Mg trisilicate is an antacid with prolonged action.
• MgSO 4 is an Epsom salt, bitter salt, and a cathartic.
• BaSO 4 is barium meal, esophotrast, and radiopaque for GIT imaging.
• Ba(OH) 2 is baryte, a CO 2 absorbent.
• Radium is a radioactive element used for cancer radiotherapy and diagnostic purposes.
• Kinematic Molecular Theory explains phases of matter based on the movement (excluding direction) of molecules, ions, and atoms.
• Solid has a definite shape and size, definite volume.
• Liquid follows the shape of container, has a definite volume.
• Gas has an indefinite shape and volume.
• Solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances.
• Saturated Solution has the maximum amount of solute.
• Unsaturated Solution has less solute than the solvent can dissolve.
• Supersaturated Solution has more solute than the solvent can dissolve.
• Nature of Solute and Solvent affects solubility, with "Like dissolves like" being a general rule.
• Temperature affects solubility, with ↑ temperature leading to ↓ solubility of a gas.
• Pressure (for gases only) affects solubility, with Henry’s Law stating that the solubility of a gas increases as pressure increases.
• Decreased particle size or increased surface area leads to increased solubility.
• Presence of Salts can affect solubility, with Salting Out decreasing solubility and Salting In increasing solubility.
• Percent Solution can be expressed as % by mass, % by volume, % mass/volume, ppm (parts per million), or proof.
• Mole (n) is the unit for expressing the concentration of a substance in grams per molecular weight.
• Mole fraction (x) is the unit for expressing the concentration of a substance in moles of the substance total moles of solution.
• Molarity (M) is the unit for expressing the concentration of a substance in moles of solute per L of solution.
• Molality (m) is the unit for expressing the concentration of a substance in moles of solute per kg of solvent.
• Normality (N) is the unit for expressing the concentration of a substance in equivalents per L of solution.
• Intra-molecular forces are within molecules, with Ionic Bond being a transfer and Covalent Bond being a sharing.
• Inter-molecular forces are between molecules, with Van der Waals being an orientation/alignment effect, Debye being a dipole-induced dipole, and London Dispersion being very close proximity causing internal vibration and dispersion of charges.
• Physical properties of systems depend on sum of molecular weight and can be additive or constitutive.
• Pharmaceutical Chemistry involves the study of inorganic and organic pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry.
• Chemistry is the study of matter, which includes anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend on the number of solute particles dissolved in a solvent.
• Vapor pressure lowering is a colligative property where the addition of a non-volatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of a liquid.
• Boiling point elevation is a colligative property where the boiling point of a solution containing a non-volatile solute would be higher than the pure solvent because the solute would lower the vapour pressure of the solvent.
• Freezing point depression is a colligative property where the freezing point of a solution is lower than the pure solvent.
• Osmotic pressure is a colligative property that is the pressure required to prevent osmosis in solutions.
• Hypertonic solutions cause crenation, hypotonic solutions cause swelling/lysis, and isotonic solutions have a concentration of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl.
• Gas law formula constant Boyle's/Mariotte is 𝑷₁𝑽₁ = 𝑷₂��₂, Charles' is 𝑽₁𝑻₁ = 𝑽₂𝑻₂, Gay-Lussac's is 𝑷₁𝑻₁ = 𝑷₂𝑻₂, and the combined gas law formula is 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻.
• R is the gas constant (0.08205 𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙).