Intro to human anatomy

• Human anatomy is the science which deals with the structure of the human body from macroscopic to microscopic level.
• The term 'Anatomy' is derived from a Greek word, "anatome", meaning cutting up.
• Cadaveric or Gross anatomy is studied on dead bodies usually with the naked eye.
• Cadaveric/Gross anatomy includes 2 approaches

  
  

  In regional anatomy, the body is studied in parts, like the upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, head and neck, and brain.

  
  

  In systemic anatomy, the body is studied in systems.
• Living anatomy includes techniques like Endoscope and Bronchoscope.
• Radiographic anatomy includes techniques like Ultrasound and sound waves.
• Microscopic anatomy or Histology is a method of anatomical study.
• Applied anatomy or Clinical anatomy is the application of anatomical knowledge in clinical studies.
• Embryology is the study of the embryo and the fetus, i.e., the study of pre-natal development.
• Teratology is the study of the congenital malformation of the child.
• Osteology is the study of bones.
• Neuroanatomy is the study of the nervous system.
• All descriptions in human anatomy are expressed in relation to the anatomical position.

  • The body is erect, with the head, eyes and toes directed forward.
  • The upper limbs hang by the sides of the trunk with palms of the hands facing forwards.
  • The lower limbs are parallel with the toes pointing forwards.
• Lithotomy position: the person lies supine with buttocks at the edge of the table. This position is used for adequate exposure for pelvis and vagina.
• Median plane is an imaginary vertical plane of section that passes longitudinally through the body and divides it into right & left equal halves.
• State A and B

  A) Supine position

  B) Prone position

  
• Label this picture

  A) Superior

  B) Anterior

  C) Posterior

  D) Sagittal Plane (Median)

  E) Frontal Plane (Coranal)

  F) Transverse Plane (Horizontal)

  G) Inferior

  
• Any vertical plane through the body that is parallel with the median plane is the sagittal plane.
• Coronal plane or frontal plane – Any vertical plane that intersects the median at a right angle and separates the body into front & back.
• Horizontal plane – is a plane at right angle to both the median & coronal planes. It separates the body into upper & lower parts.
• • Ventral or Anterior is the front of trunk.

  • Dorsal or Posterior is the back of trunk.

  • Medial is a plane close to the median plane.

  • Lateral is plane away from the median plane.

  • Cranial/Superior is close to the head end of trunk.

  • Caudal/Inferior is close to the lower end of the trunk.

  • Superficial is close to skin/towards surface of body.

  • Deep away from skin/away from surface of body.
• • Pre-axial – the border of the limb in which either the thumb or big toe is situated.
  • Post-axial – the border of the limb on which the little toe or little finger is situated
• Lable the picture (Pre-axial or Post-axial)

  A) Pre-axial

  B) Post-axial

  C) Post-axial

  D) Pre-axial

  
• • Palmar means anterior in the hand
  • Plantar means inferior in the foot.
• Lable the pic

  A) Dorsal

  B) Plantar

  
• Lable the pic

  A) Palmar

  B) Proximal

  C) Dorsal

  D) Distal

  
• • Cranial or cephalic – sometimes used instead of superior (in neurology & embryology)
  • Rostral means nearer the front end
  • Caudal – sometimes used instead of inferior
• • Proximal – means nearer the root or attached end of a limb
  • Distal – means farther from the root or attached end of limb
• State Blue and Red line (Proximal, Distal)

  A) Proximal

  B) Proximal

  C) Distal

  D) Distal

  
• • Superficial – means nearer to the surface of the body
  • Deep (profundus) – means farther from the surface of the body
• • Evagination – to extrude from a structure or cavity
  • Invagination – to protrude into a structure or cavity
• Lable the pic (Evagination, Invagination)

  A) Evagination

  B) Invagination

  
• • Flexion – to make an angle
  • Extension – to straighten out a limb
• Lable the pic (Flextion or extention)

  A) Flexion

  B) Extension

  
• Lable the pic

  A) Extension

  B) Flexion

  C) Lateral flexion

  
• Lable the pic

  A) Extension

  B) Extension

  C) Flexion

  D) Flexion

  E) Flexion

  F) Extension

  G) Flexion

  H) Extension

  
• • Adduction – to bring a limb nearer to the body (or axis)
  • Abduction – to move the limb away from the body (or axis)
• Label the pic

  A) Lateral rotation

  B) Medial rotation

  C) Lateral rotation

  D) Medial rotation

  E) Adduction

  F) Abduction

  G) Adduction

  H) Abduction

  
• Circumduction – to make a circle by moving the peripheral part of a limb

  
• • Pronation of forearm – the arm is rotated inward so that the palm faces backwards
  • Supination of forearm -the arm is in anatomical position so that the palm faces forwards

  A) Supination

  B) Pronation