Bio 1002 Lab Final

• Identify the following parts of a leaf.

  A) Cuticle

  B) Upper epidermis

  C) Guard cells

  D) Stomata

  E) Lower epidermis

  F) Palisade mesophyll

  G) Spongy mesophyll

  H) Vascular bundle

  
• The cuticle layer of a leaf is a waxy layer found above the upper epidermis and/or below the lower epidermis.
• The palisade mesophyll is the upper layer of the mesophyll and has long rectangular cells filled with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
• The spongy mesophyll is the lower layer of the mesophyll and has irregular shaped cells which are loosely packed to allow for gas exchange.
• Stomata are pores in the epidermis which can be open or closed to allow for gas exchange. They are bordered by a pair of guard cells.
• Vascular bundles within a leaf are used for transport. They are composed of thick walled xylem cells that transport water and smaller, thin walled phloem cells that transport sugars.
• The midrib of a leaf is a large bulge in the middle of the leaf containing a large vein.
• Tissue plans contain:

  • A line drawing to show different "layers" without cellular details
  • Notes
  • Formulas and calculations
• The formula for calculating the length of a specimen is: Length = (Calibrated value for 1 ocular division at _ power objective) x (# of ocular divisions taken up by the specimen's length)
• The formula for calculating the width of of a specimen is: Width = (Calibrated value for 1 ocular division at _ power objective) x (# of ocular divisions taken up by the specimen's width)
• The formula for calculating the scale of a drawing is: Scale = (Actual specimen length) / (10 cm)
• The formula for calculating the width of a drawing is: Drawing width = (Actual specimen width) / (Scale)
• The calibrated value for low power objective are 250µm/od. The calibrated value for medium power objectives are 100µm/od. The calibrated value for high power objectives are 25µm/od.
• Hydrophytes are leaves that spend a large amount of time in or are complete submerged in water. Their epidermis is 1 layer of cells thick. Their cuticle can be thick, thin, one-sided, or absent. Their stomata tend to be restricted to the upper surface of the leaf, or not present at all in submerged leaves. They have a very small amount of vascular tissue and have no water storage region. However, they have large air spaces for gas exchange and internal air chambers through the spongy mesophyll for flotation.
• Mesophytes are leaves that spend a varying amount of time in water. Their epidermis is 1 cell layer thick. Their cuticle is thin and not as obvious. They have stomata on both sides of the leaf. They have a medium amount of vascular tissue and a small to medium amount of thick walled support cells around their veins. They may or may not have a water storage region depending on their environment. They have medium sized air spaces in the mesophyll and have no need for internal air chambers.
• Xerophytes are leaves that spend almost no time in the water. Their epidermis is larger and thicker. Their cuticle is thick and obvious. Their stomata are restricted to 1 side of the leaf and are located in pits. They have a large amount of vascular tissue and thick walled support cells around their veins and beneath their epidermis. They store water beneath the epidermis, around their veins. They have very small air spaces in order to conserve water and do not require internal air chambers.
• A complete flower contains 4 whorls: sepals, petals, stamen (anther + filament), and carpel/pistil (style + ovary + ovules).
• An incomplete flower is a flower lacking any of the whorls.
• A perfect flower is a flower containing both male and female organs.
• An imperfect flower is a flower containing only male or female organs.
• Identify the structures in the flower.

  A) Stigma

  B) Stamen

  C) Anther

  D) Petal

  E) Sepal

  F) Carpel

  G) Style

  H) Filament

  I) Ovary

  J) Ovule

  
• Animal pollinated flowers have evolved their colour, fragrance, and flower shape to attract pollinators.
• Wind pollinated flowers have evolved their dull colour, reduced scent and nectar, and light weight pollen to allow for the most efficient pollination and use of energy.
• The functions of fruit are: protection and dispersal of the seed.
• Fruits are dispersed by wind, water, animals, and propulsion.
• Maple keys are dispersed by wind. Their "wings" allow for seeds to be easily blown around.
• Fireweed is dispersed by wind. Fluffy "hairs" allows for easy transportation by air.
• Sticky burrs are dispersed by animals. Seeds stick to animals via "hooks" to be transported.
• Apples are dispersed by animals. The fruit is eaten, then the seeds are excreted in different regions.
• Coconuts are dispersed by water. Their fibrous coat and air space renders them buoyant.
• Lupines are dispersed by propulsion. Pods dry and burst, releasing seeds into the air.
• The cross section below is a bulb.

  
• The cross section below is a corm.

  
• The cross section below is a tuber.

  
• When plant reproduce asexually, they reproduce without seeds and give rise to clones of themselves.
• The cross section below is of a horizontal root.

  
• The cross section below is of a horizontal stem.

  
• Transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves and aerial parts of a plant due to evaporation.
• The rate of transpiration is controlled by the opening and closing of the stomata by the guard cells.
• A potometer measures the ascent of water within the xylem and thus indirectly, the rate of transpiration.