Clinical Neuropsychology

• The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination, balance, posture, and speech.
• The thalamus serves as a relay station between sensory pathways from the spinal cord to higher cortical areas.
• The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-order functions such as language, memory, attention, perception, and consciousness.
• The brainstem includes the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon (thalamus).
• Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body (left hemisphere - right side; right hemisphere - left side).
• The brain is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right.
• The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other homeostatic functions.
• The thalamus relays sensory information to the cortex and regulates sleep-wake cycles.
• The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis (e.g., body temperature) and controls endocrine functions through the pituitary gland.
• The limbic system includes structures such as the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and septal area that are important for emotion, memory, and motivation.
• The brainstem consists of three major parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
• The limbic system includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus that are important for emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.
• The basal ganglia play a role in movement control and are implicated in disorders like Parkinson's disease.
• The limbic system consists of structures that are important for emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.
• The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual behavior.
• The frontal lobe is located at the front part of the brain and is associated with personality traits, planning, judgment, problem solving, and decision making.
• The parietal lobe is located behind the central sulcus and is associated with somatosensation, spatial orientation, and recognition of objects by touch.
• The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres and allows communication between them.
• The frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain and is associated with executive function, decision making, planning, problem solving, personality, and behavior.
• The temporal lobe is located below the lateral fissure and is associated with hearing, memory, and emotion.
• The limbic system consists of structures that are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.
• The hippocampus plays an important role in memory formation and consolidation.
• The amygdala is involved in emotional processing and fear responses.
• The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.
• The diencephalon contains several subcortical nuclei, including the thalamus, which relays sensory information to the cortex and plays a role in consciousness.
• The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily processes like heart rate and digestion.
• The spinal cord transmits signals between the central nervous system and periphery.
• The basal ganglia include structures like the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus that are involved in movement control and motor planning.
• orbitofrontal area: involved in planning and decision making, and is located in the frontal lobe
• dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: involved in planning, decision making, and inhibiting impulses
• what are executive functions? the ability to plan, organise, and control behaviour
• medial frontal lobe: controls voluntary movement, planning, and decision making
• medial cingulate cortex: involved in emotional processing, memory, and attention
• what is confabulation? false memories that are created by the brain
• left brain attends to the right side of space and the right brain attends to all of space.
• dorsal stream is the where pathway
• ventral stream is the what pathway
• prosopagnosia is caused by damage to the ventral stream of the visual pathway
• what is associative agnosia?

  Impaired recognition of objects despite intact visual perception.
• what is apperceptive agnosia?

  Impaired recognition of objects due to a deficit in integrating sensory information with stored knowledge.