Paper 3

• What does the International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecute individuals for?

  Genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
• Where is the International Criminal Court (ICC) based?

  In The Hague, Netherlands
• When was the International Criminal Court (ICC) established?

  1998
• When did the International Criminal Court (ICC) become operational?

  In 2002
• How does the ICC operate in relation to the UN?

  It operates independently but cooperates with the UN
• What is the role of the ICC as a "court of last resort"?

  It prosecutes when national courts fail
• What is the jurisdiction of the ICC limited to?

  Crimes in member states or by their nationals
• What enforcement challenges does the ICC face?

  It relies on member states to arrest suspects
• What percentage of the world's population is not in the ICC?

  70%
• What does the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) enforce?

  The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
• How many member states does the ECtHR protect rights in?

  46 Council of Europe member states
• When was the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) established?

  In 1959
• Who can bring cases against governments in the ECtHR?

  Individuals who have exhausted national legal options
• What is the nature of ECtHR judgments?

  They are legally binding on states
• How does the ECtHR influence UK law?

  Through the Human Rights Act (1998)
• What was the significance of the KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Switzerland case?

  • Involved elderly Swiss women
  • Argued climate policies violated rights to life and health
  • ECtHR ruled states must protect against climate change
  • Set a precedent for future climate litigation
• What are UN humanitarian courts and tribunals established for?

  To hold individuals accountable for war crimes
• What was the purpose of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)?

  To hold trials for the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
• What distinguishes UN courts from the ICC?

  UN courts are often temporary and specific
• What are the factors that lead to successful humanitarian interventions?

  • Achievable objectives
  • Sufficient force to achieve objectives
  • Commitment to nation-building
  • A legitimate government in place post-intervention
• What are the criticisms of humanitarian interventions?

  • Western double standards in human rights
  • Interventions driven by self-interest
  • Significant civilian casualties
  • Weakening of state sovereignty
  • Failure to intervene when necessary
• What is the definition of humanitarian intervention?

  Military action to protect human rights
• Why did humanitarian intervention increase during the 1990s?

  End of the Cold War and increased focus on human rights
• What role did the USA play in humanitarian interventions during the 1990s?

  It was the world's only superpower projecting military force
• What is the "CNN effect" in relation to humanitarian intervention?

  Media coverage pressures governments to act
• What is the nature of International Law?

  Uncodified and exists in various places
• What are the main parts of International Law?

  Treaties, customs, judicial decisions, legal writings
• Why did Humanitarian Intervention increase during the 1990s?

  End of the Cold War and liberal democracy rise
• What was the impact of the 'End of History' concept?

  States embraced liberal democratic human rights
• How did the UN's obstructionism change in the 1990s?

  Less obstructionism made agreement easier
• What role did Russia play in humanitarian interventions during the 1990s?

  Less willing to use its veto power
• What was necessary for humanitarian intervention to be effective?

  Military force was often required
• What happened when military force wasn't used in Bosnia and Rwanda?

  Human Rights abuses occurred
• What was the USA's role as a superpower in the 1990s?

  Could project military power globally
• What is the CNN effect?

  Media pressure led to government action
• How did national interest influence humanitarian intervention?

  Global problems could quickly spread
• What justified intervention in Kosovo?

  To stop refugees entering Western Europe
• What is the 'just cause' for Humanitarian Intervention?

  Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
• What are the two main criteria under R2P?

  Large scale loss of life, ethnic cleansing
• What responsibility do state governments have regarding human rights?

  To uphold their citizens' human rights