Ruminant MSK

• For what characteristics are rumis built?

  Strength, stamina, and x speed
• What do the limb bones of rumis indicate?

  Greater weight-bearing capacity and strength
• At approximately what age does skeletal maturity occur in rumis?

  Approximately 2 years
• In rumis, what is the configuration of the radius and ulna?

  They are one bone
• Where is pathology commonly found if the ulna is affected?

  Anconeal/coronoid process
• In rumis, which metacarpals are fused?

  Metacarpal 3 and 4
• In the proximal row of the carpus, what is the arrangement of bones from lateral to medial?

  Ulnar and fused acc carpal, intermediate and radial
• In the distal row of the carpus, what bones are present?

  Fourth, third and second (fused)
• How does the carpus differ in rumis compared to other species?

  More compact with fewer individual bones
• What are the main joints of the carpus in rumis?

  Radiocarpal and carpometacarpal joints
• In rumis, which metacarpals are fused together, and where is MC5 located?

  MC 3 and 4 fused, MC5 lateral
• On which digits do rumis bear weight?

  Digits 3 and 4
• How many proximal sesamoid bones are on the palmar aspect at the metacapophalangeal joint in rumis?

  4 proximal sesamoid bones
• What bone is found at the distal interphalangeal joint's palmar aspect?

  Navicular bone
• What is another name for the distal phalanx?

  Pedal bone
• What are dewclaws in rumis?

  Rudimentary digits two and five
• In which species is the supratrochlear foramen of the ulna present?

  Sheep
• In which species is the supratrochlear foramen of the ulna absent?

  Cattle
• Which digits are represented by rudimentary dewclaws?

  Two and five
• Why is scapula cartilage not visible on x-rays?

  Cartilage is radiolucent
• Which bones/landmarks commonly show pathology in rumis?

  Anconeal/coronoid process of ulna
• Why are long bone fractures complicated to fix in rumis?

  Weight of animal and difficulty counteracting forces
• When stabilizing a long bone fracture in rumis, what should be stabilized?

  Joint above and below fracture
• What is a term for inflammation of bone?

  Osteitis
• What is pedal bone hypertrophy, and where does it occur?

  Osteopathy at solar ulcer site
• Why is septic arthritis common in young rumis?

  Hematological spread from initial septic foci
• What are common joints affected by septic arthritis in young rumis?

  Carpal/metacarpophalyngeal joints
• What clinical signs are associated with septic arthritis in young rumis?

  Swollen joint and lame
• In the hindlimb of rumis, what happens to the fibula?

  Fibula regresses
• In rumis, what does the proximal extremity of the fibula do?

  Fuses to lateral condyle of tibia
• In rumis, what does the distal extremity of the fibula do?

  Forms an interlocking joint with the tibia
• What part of the fibula is absent in rumis?

  Shaft
• Where is septic arthritis frequently seen in calves?

  Stifle joint
• What type of joint is the tarsus and how is it characterized in rumis?

  Relative immobile joint carrying many forces
• In rumis, which metatarsals are fused?

  3rd and 4th MT
• What condition can heavy, fast-growing bulls develop in the tarsus joint?

  Osteochondrosis dessicans or early osteoarthritis
• What clinical signs indicate osteochondrosis dessicans or early osteoarthritis in the tarsus joint?

  Swelling and lameness around the joint
• Which palpable landmarks can be found on a ruminant's hindlimb?

  Tuber coxae, greater trochanter, caudal vb, etc
• On which type of cow are palpable landmarks easier to palpate?

  Dairy cow
• What is the most common cause of rupture of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments?

  Being squashed or struck by another animal