2.2

• What section of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 contains the aims of sentencing?

  Section 42
• What is one aim of sentencing?

  Punishment of offenders
• How does sentencing aim to reduce crime?

  Through deterrence
• What is the purpose of reform and rehabilitation in sentencing?

  To help offenders reintegrate into society
• What does protection of the public aim to achieve in sentencing?

  To prevent offenders from committing further crimes
• What does reparation by offenders involve?

  Making amends to affected persons
• What is retribution in the context of sentencing?

  Aiming to punish an offender as deserved
• What societal response does retribution display?

  Public revulsion for the offence
• What does the concept of 'just desert' imply?

  Offenders deserve punishment for their actions
• What is proportionality in sentencing?

  A fixed scale of penalties for offences
• How does moral outrage relate to retribution?

  It expresses societal condemnation of the crime
• What role does functionalism play in moral outrage?

  It helps maintain societal boundaries
• What does rational choice theory suggest about criminal behavior?

  Individuals assess costs and benefits before offending
• What charges did Bernie Madoff face?

  Eleven felony charges
• What was the public reaction to Bernie Madoff's crimes?

  Shock and confusion
• What was Bernie Madoff's sentence?

  150 years
• What does retribution focus on in terms of punishment?

  Past actions of the offender
• What is a problem of retributive justice?

  It treats justice as a transaction
• What is the aim of rehabilitation in sentencing?

  To reform offenders for societal reintegration
• What does rehabilitation assume about offenders?

  They act off their free will
• What are some treatment programs used in rehabilitation?

  Education, CBT, anger management
• What is a community sentence categorized under?

  Rehabilitation
• What do cognitive theories focus on in rehabilitation?

  Correcting thinking errors leading to criminality
• What does Eysenck's personality theory suggest?

  Personality traits can influence criminal behavior
• What are the three traits in Eysenck's personality theory?

  Extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
• What do sociological theories attribute to criminal behavior?

  Social factors like unemployment and poverty
• What is a strength of rehabilitation?

  Addresses underlying causes of crime
• What is a limitation of rehabilitation?

  Offenders may re-offend after treatment
• What does deterrence aim to achieve?

  To discourage criminal behavior
• What is individual deterrence?

  Deterring the individual from re-offending
• What is a 'short sharp shock' in the context of deterrence?

  Army-style discipline for young offenders
• What do recidivism rates indicate about prison effectiveness?

  Prisoners often re-offend after release
• What percentage of adults are reconvicted within one year of release?

  46%
• What is general deterrence?

  Deterring the public from committing crimes
• What is a strength of deterrence?

  People fear the consequences of crime
• What is a limitation of deterrence?

  Little evidence that boot camps work
• What does public protection aim to achieve?

  To incapacitate offenders from committing crimes
• What is incapacitation in the context of punishment?

  Removing an offender's ability to offend
• What are some policies under public protection?

  Executions, chemical castration, banishment
• What does chemical castration aim to achieve?

  Diminishing sexual urges in offenders