educake

• What are hydrocarbons made from?

  Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• What does it mean that crude oil is a finite resource?

  It will eventually run out
• What is crude oil made up of?

  A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
• How are hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil structured?

  They are in chains or rings
• What are some fuels derived from crude oil?

  Petrol, diesel oil, kerosene
• What are feedstocks in the petrochemical industry?

  Raw materials for chemical products
• What are some products made from petrochemical feedstocks?

  Solvents, lubricants, detergents
• Why is there greater demand for smaller hydrocarbons as fuels?

  They are more flammable than longer hydrocarbons
• What are fractions in the context of hydrocarbons?

  Groups of hydrocarbons with similar lengths
• What is the main component of crude oil?

  Hydrocarbons
• What impurity do hydrocarbon fuels sometimes contain?

  Sulfur
• What are the characteristics of hydrocarbons in a fraction?

  They have a similar number of carbon atoms
• What process is used to separate fractions from crude oil?

  Fractional distillation
• What is the first step in fractional distillation?

  Evaporate the crude oil by heating
• What does the petrochemical industry produce?

  Solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents
• What is a mixture?

  Substances that can be separated physically
• How does temperature vary in the fractional distillation column?

  Hotter at the bottom, cooler at the top
• Where do short hydrocarbons condense in the column?

  Near the top where it is cooler
• Where do long hydrocarbons condense in the column?

  Near the bottom where it is hotter
• What is the use of gases from crude oil fractions?

  Domestic heating and cooking
• What is petrol used for?

  Fuel for cars
• What is kerosene used for?

  Fuel for aircraft
• What is diesel oil used for?

  Fuel for some cars and trains
• What is fuel oil used for?

  Fuel for large ships and power stations
• What is bitumen used for?

  Surfacing roads and roofs
• What type of hydrocarbons are most abundant in crude oil?

  Alkanes
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• How are the carbon and hydrogen atoms in alkanes connected?

  By single covalent bonds
• How does the size of a hydrocarbon affect its properties?

  It affects boiling point, viscosity, and ignition
• What is boiling point?

  The temperature a liquid turns into gas
• What is viscosity?

  Measure of how sticky a liquid is
• How do shorter hydrocarbons compare to longer ones in terms of boiling point and flammability?

  Shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points and higher flammability
• Where are the shortest hydrocarbons found?

  In the gases fraction
• Where are the longest hydrocarbons found?

  In the bitumen fraction
• Why do larger molecules have higher boiling points?

  Stronger forces of attraction between them
• Why do different fractions condense at different levels?

  They have different boiling points
• What are propane and butane used for?

  Bottled gas
• What is the use of kerosene?

  Fuel for aircraft
• How does viscosity change with larger hydrocarbons?

  Larger molecules have higher viscosity
• Why are larger hydrocarbons less flammable?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy