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• Data Collection


  the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate options
• TYPES OF DATA

  1. Primary Data
  2. Secondary Data
• Primary Data


  data which are collected for the first time and thus happen to be original in character
• Secondary Data


  data which have been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process
• Observation 


  is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field
• Structured observation


  when observation is done by characterizing style of recording the information, standarized conditions of observation, definition of the units to be observed, selection of pertinent data of observation
• Unstructured observation


  when observation is done without any thought before observation
• Participant 


  the observer is member of the group which he is observing.
• Non-participant


  observer is observing people without giving any information to them.
• Controlled 


  observation takes place according to definite pre-arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation generally done in controlled condition
• Uncontrolled 


  observation takes place in natural condition. It is done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons.
• TYPES OF OBSERVATION

  1. Structured observation
  2. Unstructured observation
  3. Participant
  4. Non-participant
  5. Controlled
  6. Uncontrolled
• METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN PRIMARY DATA


  1. Observation
  2. Interview
  3. Questionnare
  4. Survey
  5. Case study
• Interview 


  involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses
• Interview

  Oral verbal communication where interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get information required for the study) to respondent
• Personal interviews


  the interviewer asks questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person or persons.
• Structured interviews


  a set of pre-decided questions are there.
• Unstructured interviews


  we don’t follow a system of pre-determined questions
• Focused interviews


  attention is focused on the given experience of the respondents and its possible effects.
• Clinical interviews


  concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations with the course of individual’s life experience, rather than with the effects of the specific experience, as in the case of focused interview.
• Group interviews


  group of 6-8 individuals is interviewed
• Qualitative and quantitative interviews


  divided on the basis of subject matter i.e whether qualitative of quantitative
• Individual interview


  interviewer meets a single person and interviews him
• Selection interviews


  done for the selection of people for certain jobs
• Depth interviews


  deliberately aims to elicit unconscious as well as other types of material relating especially to personality dynamics and motivation
• Telephonic interviews


  contacting samples on telephone
• Case study -  essentially an intensive investigation of the paticular unit under consideration
• Nominal data - involves naming/types of data identifying a thing without assigning it to an implicit or natural values or ranks
• Ordinal data - involves some kind of order or scale (such as low to high or high to low) relationship among the variable’s observations.
• Discrete data - reflects a number obtained by counting. Typically, it involves integers.
• Continuous data - could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. The number of decimal places depends on the precision of the measuring device.
• Interval data - is a data which not only classifies and orders the measurements, but also specifies the exact differences between the values
• Ratio data - tell us  the exact value between units and also have an absolute zero
• METHODS OF COLLECTING QUANTITATIVE DATA

  • SURVEY - used to collect, gather information from a group of people by employing printed questionnaires mailed to large samples, though it can also be done through the telephone
  • Experiment Study - deliberately assigns subjects to various treatments for studying the reasons for changes in the output response(s). 
  • Observational study - collect data in a way that does not directly interfere with how the data arise, i.e. merely "observe". 
  • Observations and Interviews