ANAT

• Vesical veins drain into internal iliac veins.
• The organs of the urinary system include the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
• The kidney is a paired bean-shaped retroperitoneal organ that lies on the posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column and lies in a retroperitoneal position (behind the peritoneum).
• The kidney is at the level of T12 to L3 vertebrae, with the right kidney being slightly lower than the left due to its displacement down by the liver.
• The kidney has a dark brown outer cortex and a light brown inner medulla.
• The medulla of the kidney is composed of renal pyramids, renal columns, and a renal sinus.
• Renal calyces are cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis.
• The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped tube that collects urine formed by the kidney and is continuous with the ureter.
• The urine flows continuously from the papillae of the minor calyces, the major calyces, the renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder to be stored.
• The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a renal corpuscle and renal tubules.
• The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
• The glomerulus is a network of about 50 capillaries that lie within Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule), with an afferent arteriole, a branch of renal artery, entering the Bowman's capsule and dividing into a tuft of blood capillaries.
• The interior of the urinary bladder consists of Trigone & orifice.
• The pelvic part of the ureter enters the pelvic brim and runs on the lateral wall of pelvic cavity to ischial spine and then runs forward to enter the lateral angle of Urinary bladder.
• The maximum capacity of the urinary bladder is 500 ml.
• The shape of the urinary bladder is empty bladder, pyramidal.
• The right and left renal veins drain into the inferior vena cava.
• The Trigone is a triangular area of mucous membrane covering the base of the urinary bladder.
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is tortuous, continuous with loop of Henle and many DCT unites to form Collecting tubule.
• The male urethra functions to convey urine and spermatozoa.
• The parts of the male urethra include the prostatic urethra which passes through prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts open into this part, the membranous urethra which is surrounded by sphincter muscle, and the penile urethra which extends through the penis in the corpus spongiosum.
• Collecting tubule (CT) is formed by union of many renal tubules and opens into minor calyx.
• The ureter has a length of 25 cm and a diameter of 1.25 cm.
• The abdominal part of the ureter runs vertically behind the parietal peritoneum.
• The ureteric orifices include the internal urethral orifice and the Trigone.
• Capillaries unite to form efferent arterioles.
• The right and left renal arteries and veins branch of abdominal aorta supply blood to kidney.
• The renal, aorta, gonadal and vesical artery supplies blood to the urinary bladder.
• Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) opens from space in Bowman's capsule and is tortuous.
• Loop of Henle is U-shaped, extends from PCT to distal convoluted tubule.
• The urinary bladder is a smooth muscular sac located in the pelvis behind the pubic symphysis in adults.
• Bowman's capsule is the proximal cup-shaped part of the renal tubule that encloses the glomerulus, lined by squamous epithelium.
• The male urethra is 20 cm long and 4 cm extent from the neck of the bladder to external urethral orifice in glans penis.
• The two ureter are muscular tubes that extend from renal pelvis to urinary bladder.
• The boundaries of the Trigone include the superior angle which corresponds to the opening of right and left ureters, and the inferior angle which corresponds to the internal urethral orifice.