Psychology

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  • A mental disorder is a group of emotional, cognitive, or behavioural symptoms that cause distress or significant problems.
  • About one of four adults worldwide has had a mental disorder in his or her lifetime.
  • Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity, need for admiration, and low empathy.
  • There is renewed interest in the intersection between narcissism and social media use.
  • Younger individuals show more narcissism than older adults.
  • A grandiose narcissist tends to show inflated views of self-worth, aggressiveness, and dominance.
  • A vulnerable narcissist has inflated views of self-worth combined with insecurity, defensiveness, and negative emotions.
  • Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of problematic feelings, thoughts, and behaviours associated with mental disorders.
  • Three criteria altogether determine abnormal behaviour: deviance from the norm, adapting to life’s demands, and experience of personal distress.
  • Reality in mental disorders is complicated.
  • Comorbidity: Two or more disorders in the same individuals.
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Handbook for diagnosis, merely a starting point, and implies a cultural specificity.
  • The Psychological Perspective considers causes from a variety of perspectives: biological, developmental, cognitive, and social/personality.
  • Understanding causal factors that lead to a psychological disorder is part of the psychological perspective.
  • Current psychiatric classifications include ICD-11 and DSM-5.
  • Main categories of ICD-11 include F0 Organic mental disorders, F1 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use, F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal & delusional disorders, F3 Mood (affective) disorders, F4 Neurotic, stress-related, somatoform disorders, F5 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances & physical factors.
  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide.
  • MDD is diagnosed based on five symptoms: depressed mood or anhedonia, physical symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and prevalence.
  • The prevalence of MDD is one of the most frequently diagnosed psychological disorders, affecting approximately 7% of the adult population.
  • The prevalence of MDD decreases with age, with those between 18 and 29 years having rates that are three times as high as those over age 60.
  • Women experience MDD more frequently than men, independent of race, ethnicity, social class.
  • Cognitive explanations for MDD include a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.
  • Rumination is correlated with negative outcomes and might explain some gender differences in rates of MDD.
  • Women are more likely to ruminate, men more likely to use distraction.
  • Influences of types of attributions can explain social explanations for MDD.
  • Biological explanations for MDD include a heritability of about 35% and the role of serotonin in the regulation of mood.
  • Disturbances in circadian rhythms are common in those with untreated MDD, causing them to spend too much time in REM sleep.
  • The diathesis–stress model suggests that the experience of stress interacts with an individual’s biological predisposition to produce a psychological disorder.
  • Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.
  • Bipolar disorder affects approximately 2.6% of American adults, with women being more likely to be diagnosed by the ratio of 3:2.
  • The average age onset of bipolar disorder is 25 years.
  • Causes of bipolar disorder include genetic predisposition, oxidative stress, and accelerated aging.
  • Anxiety disorders are an exaggeration of what is normally a useful response, with genetic vulnerabilities and a tendency to appear early in life.
  • Specific phobias are fears of objects other than those associated with agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder, and can arise from classical conditioning.
  • Main categories of DSM-5 include Neurodevelopmental disorders, Schizophrenia spectrum & other psychotic disorders, Bipolar & related disorders, Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders, Obsessive-compulsive & related disorders, Trauma- and stressor-related disorders, Dissociative disorders, Somatic symptoms & related disorders, Feeding & eating disorders, Sleep-wake disorders, Sexual dysfunctions, Gender dysphoria, and Disruptive, impulse-control, & conduct disorders.
  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive ritualistic behaviour.
  • ASD varies in severity from relatively normal to intellectual disability.
  • Approximately 1 child out of every 54 is diagnosed with ASD.
  • Boys are diagnosed 4.3 times more frequently than girls with ASD.
  • Diagnosis of ASD involves problems with social relatedness, regardless of intelligence and adjustment, lack of eye contact, lack of insight into thoughts and points of view of others, ritualistic behaviour, and repetitive, routine behaviour.