Reproduction in plants, animals

• Sexual reproduction involves two parents (male and female) contributing genetic material to produce offspring with unique characteristics.
• Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where an organism grows outwardly from its body as a small bud that eventually detaches and develops into a new individual.
• Asexual reproduction is the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent without sexual intercourse or fertilization.
• Fragments are pieces broken off the parent organism that can grow into new individuals through regeneration or fusion with other fragments.
• Fission is when a single cell divides repeatedly until it forms multiple cells, which then separate to form new individuals.
• Vegetative propagation refers to the process by which plant parts such as stems, leaves, roots, bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, runners, suckers, and cuttings are used to create new plants without seeds.
• Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction where plant parts such as stems, leaves, roots, bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, runners, and suckers are used to grow new individuals.
• Disadvantages of vegetative propagation include limited genetic variation, susceptibility to diseases, and difficulty in controlling pests.