All Bonds and Chemical Bonds

• What is a chemical bond compared to?

  A strong friendship between atoms
• How do atoms bond?

  By sharing or transferring electrons
• Why do atoms bond together?

  To become more stable
• What do molecules build?

  Everything around us
• What are electrons?

  Tiny particles within atoms
• What is the result of bonding between atoms?

  Atoms become more stable
• What happens to sodium and oxygen after electron transfer?

  They become oppositely charged ions
• What is the result of the attraction between oppositely charged ions?

  It creates a strong ionic bond
• What do bonded atoms form?

  Molecules
• What forms when atoms lose or gain electrons?

  Ionic bond
• What is the term used to describe the electrons that are not shared between atoms in the image?

  Unpaired valence electrons
• How do sodium (Na) and oxygen (O) interact to form an ionic bond?

  Sodium transfers electrons to oxygen
• What forms a covalent bond?

  Atoms share their outermost electrons
• If the positive metal ions were not surrounded by delocalised electrons, how would this affect the metal's ability to conduct electricity?

  The metal would not be able to conduct electricity
• When do covalent bonds typically form?

  Between nonmetals or metalloids with similar electronegativity
• How do covalent bonds contribute to atomic stability?

  They make the atoms more stable
• How do covalent bonds differ from ionic bonds?

  Covalent bonds involve shared electrons, ionic bonds involve transferred electrons
• What is the purpose of the arrow in the "Sharing of available valence electrons" image?

  To show the transfer of valence electrons between atoms
• What type of structure do covalent bonds create?

  Separate molecules
• What is the effect of shared electrons in a covalent bond?

  They create a force that holds atoms together
• What type of structure do ionic bonds create?

  Lattice structures
• How do delocalized electrons behave in metallic bonds?

  They move freely around positive metal ions
• What occurs in metallic bonds?

  Metal atoms donate outer electrons
• How does the arrangement of positive metal ions and delocalised electrons in the image explain the high electrical conductivity of metals?

  • The delocalised electrons can move freely between the positive metal ions
  • This allows for the easy flow of electric current through the metal
  • The high mobility of the delocalised electrons results in high electrical conductivity
• What allows metals to conduct electricity well?

  The constant movement of delocalized electrons
• How do metallic bonds differ from ionic and covalent bonds?

  They create a lattice structure shared by all atoms
• What is the name of the model shown in the image that explains the structure of metals?

  Metallic bonding
• What do the colors red and blue represent in the electrostatic potential maps?

  Red corresponds to a buildup of negative charge, blue represents a buildup of positive charge
• What are the key characteristics of metallic bonds?

  • Metal atoms donate outer electrons
  • Formation of a "sea" of delocalized electrons
  • Free movement of electrons around positive ions
  • Lattice structure shared by all atoms
  • High electrical conductivity due to electron movement
• What is the source of strength in chemical bonds?

  Forces that hold atoms together
• What information do electrostatic potential maps provide?

  • Electrostatic potential maps show the distribution of electric charge within a molecule
  • Red regions indicate a buildup of negative charge, blue regions indicate a buildup of positive charge
  • This information is useful for understanding molecular interactions and reactivity
• What do darker colors in electrostatic potential maps indicate?

  Stronger charge
• What do red areas in electrostatic potential maps indicate?

  Negative charge concentration
• How do covalent bonds hold atoms together?

  By sharing electron pairs
• What do blue areas in electrostatic potential maps represent?

  Positive charge concentration
• What does the color gradient in electrostatic potential maps show?

  Relative charge density
• How do more electronegative atoms behave in covalent bonds?

  They attract electrons more strongly
• What causes electrostatic forces in ionic bonds?

  Attraction between oppositely charged ions
• What do oxygen and hydrogen atoms do in water?

  Share electrons to form stable molecules
• What are the key differences between ionic and covalent bonds?

  • Ionic bonds:
  • Formed by electrostatic forces
  • Involve transfer of electrons
  • Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

  
  

  • Covalent bonds:
  • Formed by sharing electron pairs
  • Involve sharing of electrons
  • Example: Water (H₂O)