Protein synthesis

• Chromosomes carry the information required for cells to produce proteins or polypeptides.
• A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotide bases which code for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or a functional RNA (including ribosomal RNA and tRNAs).
• Genes are located along a chromosome and exist in different forms called alleles that code for different types of the same protein.
• A gene occupies a specific locus on homologous chromosomes.
• A homologous pair of chromosomes carry genes controlling the same characteristics (i.e., the same genes) but not necessarily the same alleles.
• A homologous pair of chromosomes is made up from one chromosome from each parent.
• DNA codes for proteins by using a sequence of 3 bases, called a triplet, which codes for one amino acid.
• DNA hybridization is a number of techniques involving a step where two strands of DNA are caused to bind to produce a “hybrid” DNA molecule.
• Interspecific variation refers to differences between organisms of different species.
• Intraspecific variation refers to differences between individuals of the same species.
• Normal distribution is a bell shaped curve produced when a particular distribution is plotted on a graph.
• Random sampling is a method of selecting individuals out of a population for analysis which makes the sample as representative as possible.
• Sampling bias is when a sample is collected in such a way that it is not representative of the whole population, which can be accidental or deliberate.
• Standard Deviation (s) is a measure of the spread, or dispersion, of a set of data about the mean of the set.
• A large standard deviation means the data is very spread out, indicating large variation and less confidence in the mean calculated from the sample.
• There are 4 different nucleotides in DNA, meaning there are 64 (or 43 for those mathematically minded) possible triplet codes.
• There is one start triplet (which also codes for an amino acid) and three stop triplets.
• Tree creepers and great spotted woodpeckers have different distributions due to the different ways they forage.
• Very small woods are inhabited by house sparrows and blackbirds but not by great tits and tree creepers due to the different ways they forage.
• Planting trees on farmland can help conserve woodland birds.
• The index of diversity for a forest can be calculated using the equation d = 1 - (1 - n/N), where n is the total number of organisms of a particular species and N is the total number of organisms of all species.
• The index of diversity can be calculated from the formula d = N/n, where N is the total number of organisms of all species and n is the total number of organisms of a particular species.
• It is more useful to calculate the index of diversity than to record just the number of species present in an investigation like this.
• Structural diversity refers to the different forms of plants such as herbs, shrubs and trees present in a particular area.
• The relationship between the index diversity of birds and structural diversity of the plants on farmland can be represented by a graph.
• Therefore, 61 triplets code for the 20 amino acids which occur in living organisms.
• Some of the gametes formed during meiosis have new combinations of alleles.
• Only a few gametes have the new combination of alleles Ef and eF.
• Figure 3 shows a cell with six chromosomes.
• This cell produces gametes by meiosis.
• The chromosomes in one of the gametes can be represented in a diagram.
• The cell in Figure 3 can produce different types of gametes as a result of different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
• The non-coding sections of a gene are referred to as introns.
• Mutation 1 changes the DNA base sequence from A T T G G G C G T G T C to A T T G G A G T G T C.
• Mutation 2 changes the DNA base sequence from A T T G G G C C C T G T C to A T T G G A G T G T C.
• The amino acid sequence coded for by the original DNA base sequence is ile gly val ser.
• Some gene mutations affect the amino acid sequence, while others do not.
• Gene mutations occur spontaneously.
• During which part of the cell cycle are gene mutations most likely to occur?
• The Genetic Code is described as degenerate, universal, non-overlapping.