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• What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

  • Muscle Attachment• Protection• Joints for movement• Blood cell production• Mineral storage
• Which bones protect the heart and lungs?

  • Ribs• Sternum

  
• Define: synovial joint


  A freely movable joint where two or more bones articulate
• Give 2 minerals that are stored in the bones


  • Calcium• Phosphorous
• Why is calcium important to the body? (2)

  • To create strong bones and teeth
• Why are red blood cells important?


  They contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen.

  
• Define: ligament


  Tissue which connects bone to bone and stabilises joints
• Define: tendon


  Tissue which connects muscle to bone and transmits muscular forces to move bones
• Which movements are possible at a hinge joint?

  A hinge joint permits flexion and extension.
• Which bones make up the knee joint?


  femur, tibia, patella

  
• Which bones articulate within the elbow joint?

  • Humerus• Radius• Ulna

  
• Which bones articulate within the shoulder joint?

  • Scapula• Humerus Clavicle

  
• Which bones articulate within the hip joint?

  • Pelvis• Femur

  
• Define: flexion

  Decreasing the angle of a joint
• Define: extension


  Increasing the angle of a joint
• Define: abduction

  Movement away from the midline of the body
• Define: adduction


  Movement toward the midline of the body
• Define: rotation


  Movement around a limb's long axis (screwdriver action)
• Define: circumduction


  Multiplanar combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction in sequence (circular motion)
• Give an example of the deltoids causing flexion

  The deltoids flex the shoulder of a tennis player as they throw the ball up to serve
• Give an example of the deltoids causing extension

  The deltoids extend the shoulder joint of a rounders player as they draw the arm back to bowl the ball
• Give an example of the deltoids causing abduction


  The deltoids abduct the shoulder joint in the outward phase of a star jump
• Give an example of the latissimus dorsi causing adduction


  The latissimus dorsi adducts the shoulder in the inward phase of a star jump
• Give an example of the pectorals causing adduction (horizontal plane)

  The pectorals horizontally adduct the arm across the chest during the release of a discus
• Give an example of the abdominals causing flexion


  The abdominals flex the vertebral column and hip joint in the upward phase of a sit-up
• Give an example of of the gluteals causing extension

  The gluteals extend the hip as a ballet dancer performs an arabesque
• Give an example of the gluteals causing abduction


  The gluteals abduct the hip in the outward phase of a star jump
• Give an example of the gluteals causing rotation

  The gluteals rotate the hip as a ballet dancer moves into first position
• Give an example of the trapezius causing abduction

  The trapezius horizontally abducts the shoulder to bring the arm back in the preparation phase of a discus throw
• Define: agonist


  The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement; also called the prime mover.
• Define: antagonist


  A muscle which coordinates movement (relaxes and lengthens)
• Which movement is created by the latissimus dorsi?

  Adduction
• Define: mechanical advantage


  The ability of a lever system to move a large load with a small effort
• Define: axis of rotation


  An imaginary line about which a body can rotate
• Vertical axis of rotation


  An imaginary line running from top to bottom allowing a spinning rotation i.e. pirouette

  
• Frontal axis of rotation


  An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from the left to right, allowing flexion and extension. i.e. somersault

  
• Sagittal Axis of Rotation


  An imaginary line which runs through the body from front to back, allowing a sideward rotation. i.e cartwheel

  
• A cartwheel occurs around which axis of rotation?

  Sagittal
• Transverse plane


  line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

  
• Frontal plane


  Divides the body into front and back portions.