Paper 2

• A learned action or behaviour with the intention of producing pre-determined results with maximum certainty.

  What is the definition of a Skill?
• An inherited, stable trait that determines an individual's potential to learn or acquire a skill.

  What is the definition of Ability?
• Distinguishing qualities or characteristics belonging to a person.


  What is the definition of a Trait?
• Basic (simple skill) - Complex (advanced skill)Open (environmentally effected) - Closed (not environmentally effected)Self paced (you start) - Externally paced (opponent starts)Gross (big movements) - Fine (small precise movements)

  What are the 4 classifications of skill?
• Performance Goals - targets that the person wants to achieve based on their performance.Outcome Goals - target focussed on the result / winning


  What are the definitions of the 2 types of goals?
• S - specific = to the sport, muscles or movements usedM - measurable = be possible to see its been completedA - accepted = able to be accepted by coach, etc.R - realistic = be possible to completeT - time bound = must cover a certain period of time


  What are the SMART targets?
• Input Decision-makingOutputFeedback


  What are the 4 stages of Information Processing?
• VisualVerbalManualMechanical


  What are the 4 types of guidance?
• Useful for all level of performersAble to see what is requiredThe specifics can be observedCan be copied easily

  Advantages of Visual guidance
• Demonstration must be of a good qualitySome skills are to complex to demonstratePerformers have to concentrate properly

  Disadvantages of Visual guidance
• Useful for higher-level performersGood for highlighting key pointsQuick and easy

  Advantages of Verbal guidance
• Can lead to information overloadCan be boring May be hard to hearComplex things can be difficult to explain

  Disadvantages of Verbal guidance
• Advantages:Good for dangerous skillsGood for gaining confidenceDisadvantages:Equipment could be expensivePerformer can rely on the equipment

  Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical guidance
• Advantages:Good for complete beginnersGood to develop the correct feelDisadvantages:May not feel they are doing the skill themselvesCan be frowned upon

  Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual guidance
• A physical and mental state of alertness / readinessIncreasing performance = Y axis Increasing arousal = X axis


  What is on the axis of the inverted-U theory?What is the definition of Arousal?

  
• Deep-breathing Positive self talkMental imagery


  What are the 3 ways to manage arousal?
• Aimed directly at other players and involves physical contact.E.g. punching someone in boxing to win the match

  What is the definition of direct aggression?
• An aggressive act that does not involve direct contact. It is taken out on an object in order to gain an advantage.E.g. smashing the shuttlecock really hard to win a point.


  What is the definition of indirect aggression?
• Introverts - quiet, shy personality usually associated with individual sports (e.g. marathon running)Extroverts - sociable, active, talkative personality usually involved in team sports (e.g. football, rugby, etc.)

  What are Introverts and Extroverts?
• Intrinsic motivation - drive to succeed from withinExtrinsic motivation - drive to perform well or to win from external sources.

  What is Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation?
• Gender, ethnicity (race/religion/culture), age, disability, family, friends and peers


  What are the 5 social groups?
• Women and girls are often portrayed as being the "weaker sex".Male dominated sports like football, rugby, cricket has only just started to see a surge in female players.Female sports at an elite level is less likely to receive as much tv coverage and less money.They may also have children, have to cook, clean, etc.

  Why does gender affect participation in sport?
• A person who is looked up to by others.


  What is the definition of a role model?
• Often associated with sports that represent their ethnic background (e.g. Indians playing cricket).Some religion makes people fast and is hard to perform on such a low energy level.

  Why does ethnicity affect participation in sport?
• Flexibility decrease, weight often increases.Weight training isn't recommended to people younger than 25 as you reach maximal strength at 25.Strength often decreases as you get older. Tidal volume + stroke volume decreases when older.Older people are more likely to fall ill and get injuries.Skill levels often improve with age.

  Why does age affect participation in sport?
• Families who do sports often are enthusiastic for other family members to do sports.Families that aren't interested in sports can influence other family members to not participate.Families can encourage participation in sport by providing transport and equipment and becoming a role model.Some families aren't financially capable of providing encouragement.

  Why can family affect participation in sport?
• If your peer group involves in that sport then they can influence other peers to participate too.If your peer group doesn't participate in sport then they can influence you to stop playing the sport.

  How can friends and peers affect participation in sport?
• A physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term effect on a persons ability to carry out normal daily activities.

  What is the definition of disability?
• May not be physically possible for people with a disability to participate.Limitation on qualified disabled teachers and coaches.Not a lot of sports clubs to join for disabilities.Disabled sports don't have a lot publicity (except Paralympics)


  Why does Disability affect participation in sport?
• The exploitation of a person, organisation or activity in order to make a profit.

  What is the definition of commercialisation?
• A diverse range of technologies that acts as a means of mass communication.


  What is the definition of Media?
• Broadcast media (television, radio)Print media (newspaper, magazines)Outdoor media (billboards at sporting events)Internet and Social media (provides access to broadcast and print media)

  What 4 things does the media consist of?
• An individual or group which provides support to an event, activity, person or organisation.


  What is the definition of a sponsor?
• Provision of funds or other forms of support to an event, activity, person or organisation for some kind of commercial return.


  What is the definition of a sponsorship?
• Financial (living, training, competition costs)Clothing and equipment (nike clothing / F1 cars)Facilities (some facilities are named after companies e.g. Eithad Stadium)

  What are the 3 forms a sponsorship can take?
• Higher wagesCan become role modelsMoney to provide for kit, equipment, facilities, etc.Money for better coaches and training programmes.Better competition, increasing international status.

  Positive impacts of sponsorships and media on a performer.
• Increase pressureCan make mistakes very public.Sponsors may make demands to how you behave.Can distract the performer from training.Women are paid less than men due to media popularity.

  Negative impacts of sponsorships and media on a performer.
• Positive:Can become a role modelMore money meaning a career path might develop.Negative:Can increase pressure and reduce enjoyment.Can make mistakes very public.

  Positive and Negative impacts of sponsorships and media for an official.
• Increase physical participation.More money to support participation.More money available for teams to pay for kit, equipment, etc.Prize rewards for winning are bigger.More money for technology in the sport.

  Positive impacts of sponsorships and media for a sport.
• Rules are changed to meet the requirements of media.Over exposure can cause loss of interest in sport.Minority of sports get less coverage.Sports become dependent on the sponsors and media.

  Negative impacts of sponsorships and media for a sport.