A03

• What supports the role of sex hormones in gender development?

  Evidence in mature males
• What did Christina Wang et al. (2000) confirm about testosterone?

  It links increased testosterone to sexual behaviour
• What condition is caused by low testosterone production?

  Male hypogonadism
• How long was testosterone therapy administered in Wang et al.'s study?

  180 days
• What improvements were observed in hypogonadal men after testosterone therapy?

  Sexual function, libido, mood, and muscle strength
• What does Wang et al.'s study suggest about testosterone's influence?

  It directly influences male sexual arousal and physical development
• What was the focus of Daryl O'Connor et al.'s (2004) study?

  Effects of increased testosterone in healthy young men
• What were the findings regarding sexual behaviour in O'Connor et al.'s study?

  No significant increases in sexual behaviour components
• What limitation do biological accounts have regarding gender behaviour?

  They ignore the role of social factors
• What does O'Connor et al.'s study suggest about additional testosterone?

  It may have no effect on sexual or aggressive behaviour
• Who claims that gender roles are influenced by social norms?

  Geert Hofstede et al. (2010)
• How does Hofstede et al. relate masculinity and femininity to cultures?

  By individualist or collectivist cultural norms
• What type of societies does Hofstede et al. associate with traditional masculine traits?

  Advanced capitalist societies like the US and UK
• What challenge do social factors pose to biological explanations of gender behaviour?

  They suggest social factors may be more important
• What is a limitation of biological explanations regarding gender?

  They are reductionist in nature
• What alternative explanations do cognitive and psychodynamic approaches provide for gender?

  They consider thought processes and childhood experiences
• What do cognitive approaches highlight in gender development?

  The influence of thought processes like schema
• How do psychodynamic approaches view maturation in gender development?

  As a factor alongside childhood experiences
• What does the study of gender suggest about its complexity?

  It is more complex than biological influences alone